How Do the Japanese and the Mongolians View Each Other?
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This study explores the Japanese and the Mongolian attitude toward each other, based on nationwide survey data collected in the two countries. The Japanese attitude toward Mongolia is examined from the data of the Japanese General Social Surveys in 2006 (JGSS-2006), which asked respondents how favorable they felt toward several countries. Next, how the Mongolians view Japan is described from the data of the Second and the Third waves of the Asian Barometer Survey (ABS2 and ABS3) collected in 2006 and 2010. The result of the analysis confirmed favorable attitude between Japan and Mongolia, which had been occasionally asserted. At the same time, the result also implied relatively less presence of Mongolia in Japan. In addition to that, factors affecting the Japanese attitude toward Mongolia are almost different between genders, and those relating to the Mongolian attitude toward Japan are completely different between generation growing up during the socialist period and that experienced compulsory education after democratization.
![Issues to Be Examined
? [Japanese] What the attitude toward
Mongolia is like?
? [Mongolians] Does ＾legacy￣ of former
rivalry remain in the attitude toward
Japan?
? Is the attitude more / less favorable,
compared with that toward other
countries (esp. East and Southeast Asian
countries)?
? What are factors affecting the attitude?
3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/j-mforumminato-140805172626-phpapp02/85/How-Do-the-Japanese-and-the-Mongolians-View-Each-Other-3-320.jpg)
![Data to Be Analyzed
? [Japanese ? Mongolia] JGSS-2006 data
(2006 data of the Japanese General Social
Surveys)
? [Mongolians ? Japan] ABS2 data (the
Second Wave of the Asian Barometer
Survey); The Third Wave Data of ABS
(ABS3) is also used for additional analysis
? All the three data were collected with
nationwide coverage through multi-stage
random sampling
4](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/j-mforumminato-140805172626-phpapp02/85/How-Do-the-Japanese-and-the-Mongolians-View-Each-Other-4-320.jpg)
![Question in Focus (ABS2)
＾Please let us know about your impressions of the
following countries. Give it a grade from 1 to 10,
being 1 very bad and 10 very good.￣
12
Grade
Do not
understand
the question
Can¨t choose Decline
165. United States ___ 97 98 99
166. China [optional for China] ___ 97 98 99
167. Japan [optional for Japan] ___ 97 98 99
Very
Bad
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Very
Good](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/j-mforumminato-140805172626-phpapp02/85/How-Do-the-Japanese-and-the-Mongolians-View-Each-Other-12-320.jpg)
![Additional Analysis (ABS3)
? Is Japan ＾model for future development?￣
? The Mongolians¨ answers are examined by
using ABS3 data
? The question focused on is ＾Which country
should be a model for our own country¨s
future development?￣
? Choices are: ＾1. United States,￣ ＾2.
China,￣ ＾3. India,￣ ＾4. Japan,￣ ＾5.
Singapore,￣ ＾6. Other [please name],￣
and ＾7. We should follow our country¨s
own model￣
20](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/j-mforumminato-140805172626-phpapp02/85/How-Do-the-Japanese-and-the-Mongolians-View-Each-Other-20-320.jpg)
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How Do the Japanese and the Mongolians View Each Other?
- 1. (Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan) HOW DO THE JAPANESE AND THE MONGOLIANS VIEW EACH OTHER? A Discussion from the Analyses of Nationwide Survey Data Kunio Minato
- 2. Introduction ? This study explores: (1) The Japanese attitude toward Mongolia (2) The Mongolian attitude toward Japan ? Discussions are based on quantitative analyses of nationwide survey data ? Primary focus is on ordinary people¨s general attitude (feeling or impression) toward Mongolia / Japan 2
- 3. Issues to Be Examined ? [Japanese] What the attitude toward Mongolia is like? ? [Mongolians] Does ＾legacy￣ of former rivalry remain in the attitude toward Japan? ? Is the attitude more / less favorable, compared with that toward other countries (esp. East and Southeast Asian countries)? ? What are factors affecting the attitude? 3
- 4. Data to Be Analyzed ? [Japanese ? Mongolia] JGSS-2006 data (2006 data of the Japanese General Social Surveys) ? [Mongolians ? Japan] ABS2 data (the Second Wave of the Asian Barometer Survey); The Third Wave Data of ABS (ABS3) is also used for additional analysis ? All the three data were collected with nationwide coverage through multi-stage random sampling 4
- 5. The Japanese Attitude toward Mongolia 5
- 6. Question in Focus (JGSS-2006) 6 More favorable Less favorable A South Korea +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 B North Korea +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 C China +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 D Mongolia +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 E Taiwan +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 F The Philippines +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 G Thailand +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 H Indonesia +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 I India +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 J Russia +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 K USA +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 Self-administered questionnaire A, Q22 How do you feel about the following countries and regions? For each country and region, please choose one of the numbers. If you don¨t have any specific feeling to a country or region, choose "0".
- 8. Comparison of Mean Scores 8 Mean S.D. S. Korea .137 1.408 .167 *** .063 .270 N. Korea -2.316 1.192 2.620 *** 2.503 2.738 China -.383 1.447 .687 *** .580 .794 Mongolia .304 1.040 Taiwan .438 1.092 -.134 *** -.201 -.067 Philippines .035 1.056 .269 *** .192 .345 Thailand .250 1.010 .054 -.016 .124 Indonesia .193 .956 .111 *** .044 .179 India .215 .999 .089 ** .020 .159 Russia -.320 1.173 .624 *** .528 .719 USA .669 1.322 -.365 *** -.469 -.262 CI (95%)Difference *** p<.001, ** p<.01, * p<.05, + p<.01, F=1478.794***
- 9. Regression Analysis 9 B S.E. β B S.E. β B S.E. β Intercept -.672 ** .214 -.808 * .320 -.264 .303 Gender .162 ** .051 .078 Age -.004 + .002 -.058 -.004 .003 -.054 -.005 + .003 -.086 Area block: Hokkaido .076 .127 .015 .046 .197 .009 .106 .165 .024 Tohoku .139 .111 .034 .277 .170 .063 .026 .147 .007 Kanto .275 *** .080 .122 .205 + .120 .088 .329 ** .108 .153 Hokuriku .015 .119 .003 -.127 .167 -.030 .196 .172 .041 Tozan .060 .127 .012 .011 .188 .002 .113 .172 .024 Tokai .126 .098 .039 .205 .148 .059 .064 .129 .021 Kinki .065 .091 .022 -.002 .136 .000 .155 .121 .054 Chugoku .051 .113 .012 .052 .168 .012 .056 .153 .014 Shikoku .237 + .132 .045 .119 .198 .022 .337 + .177 .067 Education: Higher secondary .046 .072 .022 -.025 .105 -.011 .095 .101 .048 Non-university .051 .096 .023 .033 .157 .015 .098 .127 .046 University -.110 .087 -.044 -.181 .145 -.078 -.108 .119 -.036 Occupation: Upper-white .062 .083 .020 .029 .131 .010 .063 .112 .020 Lower-white .003 .066 .001 .039 .113 .016 -.049 .081 -.022 Blue-collar -.006 .070 -.002 -.048 .111 -.021 .014 .097 .005 Agriculture, forestry and fishery -.002 .146 .000 .105 .186 .020 -.155 .263 -.019 Subjective social stratification .000 .036 .000 -.033 .053 -.026 .023 .048 .018 Income level .014 .033 .012 .082 + .047 .071 -.061 .046 -.051 Sense of trust .061 *** .018 .079 .045 + .026 .058 .086 *** .025 .111 Political attitude .003 .027 .002 .026 .036 .024 -.043 .041 -.034 Religion: Buddhist .128 .086 .053 .194 .126 .080 .069 .119 .029 Christian -.074 .254 -.007 .182 .463 .013 -.142 .302 -.017 Others .213 .132 .049 .432 * .211 .088 .078 .167 .020 Religiosity .038 .053 .028 .004 .082 .003 .041 .070 .033 Hours of watching TV per day .006 .011 .012 .006 .017 .012 .004 .015 .010 Frequency of reading a newspaper .028 .021 .032 -.048 .031 -.054 .101 *** .030 .116 Amount of reading books per month .012 .022 .014 .038 .038 .036 -.004 .026 -.005 Frequency of seeing foreigners .041 .026 .039 .044 .039 .041 .044 .035 .043 For or against an increase of foreigners .260 *** .049 .124 .249 *** .072 .114 .254 *** .067 .128 Occasions of using English -.002 .030 -.002 -.057 .043 -.058 .049 .044 .048 Self-rated English proficiency .014 .021 .021 .077 ** .030 .122 -.049 .031 -.078 Willingness of learning English .007 .028 .007 .056 .044 .051 -.020 .038 -.021 Foreign language of interest exc. English .223 *** .065 .086 .170 + .096 .062 .269 ** .089 .110 F-value 4.580 *** .027 .002 2.514 *** 3.380 *** adjusted R2 .061 .052 .077 *** p<.001, ** p<.01, * p<.05, + p<.01 All (N=1913) Male (N=947) Female (N=966)
- 10. Summary of the Analyses ? Mongolia is more favored than most of other countries listed in the questionnaire ? However, majority of respondents rated the favorability ＾0￣ ? Males are more likely to have favorable feeling to Mongolia ? View on foreigners has relations to the attitude toward Mongolia ? Other factors with significant effect are clearly different between males and females 10
- 11. The Mongolian attitude toward Japan 11
- 12. Question in Focus (ABS2) ＾Please let us know about your impressions of the following countries. Give it a grade from 1 to 10, being 1 very bad and 10 very good.￣ 12 Grade Do not understand the question Can¨t choose Decline 165. United States ___ 97 98 99 166. China [optional for China] ___ 97 98 99 167. Japan [optional for Japan] ___ 97 98 99 Very Bad 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Good
- 13. Question Examined (ABS2) ＾For each aware of, please let us know about your impression of the following organizations. Here is a scale: 1 means very bad and 10 means very good. . Give it a grade from 1 to 10, being 1 very bad and 10 very good.￣ 13 Grade Do not understand the question Can¨t choose Decline 161. The European Community or European Union ___ 97 98 99 162. The United Nations or UN ___ 97 98 99 163. International Monetary Fund or IMF ___ 97 98 99 164. World Bank ___ 97 98 99 Very Bad 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Very Good
- 14. Distribution of Answers 14 GUS = Generation under Socialism GAD = Generation after Democratization
- 16. Comparison of Mean Score (1) 16 N Mean S.D. GUS 669 6.810 2.070 GAD 481 7.087 2.054 Difference CI (95%) .277 * .035 .519 *** p<.001, ** p<.01, * p<.05, + p<.1 N=1121 Mean S.D. Japan 6.935 2.057 USA 7.310 2.218 1.401 *** 1.247 1.556 China 5.533 2.354 -.375 *** -.539 -.211 Difference CI (95%) *** p<.001, ** p<.01, * p<.05, + p<.1, F=355.883*** Difference between generation Difference among impression of countries
- 17. Comparison of Mean Score (2) 17 Mean S.D. S.E. S.E. Mongolia (N=1150) 6.926 2.067 .061 Malaysia (N=1139) 6.097 2.145 .070 -.829 *** .084 Vietnam (N=923) 7.192 1.652 .052 .266 * .089 Singapore (N=953) 6.132 1.575 .069 -.794 *** .088 Indonesia (N=1377) 6.126 1.994 .054 -.800 *** .080 Thailand (N=1097) 6.281 2.300 .051 -.645 *** .085 Taiwan (N=1479) 6.542 2.001 .054 -.384 *** .079 Philippines (N=1090) 6.158 2.326 .064 -.768 *** .085 Japan (N=1050) 7.035 1.771 .055 .109 .086 Total (N=10258) 6.482 2.048 .020 - - - *** p<.001, ** p<.01, * p<.05, + p<.1, F=50.662***, η2=.038 Difference Difference among East / Southeast Asians
- 18. Regression Analysis (1) 18 B S.E. β B S.E. β B S.E. β Intercept 6.155 *** .523 5.681 *** .485 6.179 *** .534 Gender .058 .138 .014 .047 .138 .011 .057 .138 .014 Age -.016 ** .005 -.108 -.017 * .008 -.116 Socialist era dummy -.296 * .148 -.071 .047 .214 .011 Years of education .048 * .024 .078 .054 * .024 .089 .047 * .024 .078 Place of residence: Province -.045 .190 -.008 -.016 .191 -.003 -.048 .191 -.009 County .129 .183 .031 .179 .182 .043 .127 .184 .030 Countryside .445 .415 .037 .496 .415 .041 .445 .415 .037 Subjective social stratification -.029 .042 -.023 -.033 .042 -.027 -.029 .042 -.023 Income level .141 ** .053 .097 .150 ** .053 .103 .141 ** .053 .096 Sense of trust -.016 .209 -.002 -.038 .210 -.006 -.016 .210 -.002 Religion: Buddhist -.063 .266 -.014 -.123 .266 -.027 -.061 .267 -.013 Muslim .089 .352 .011 .021 .352 .003 .090 .353 .011 Christian -.465 .472 -.039 -.471 .473 -.039 -.465 .472 -.038 Religiosity -.034 .113 -.015 -.017 .113 -.007 -.035 .113 -.015 Ownership of TV -.092 .306 -.010 -.093 .307 -.010 -.090 .307 -.010 Accessilibity to CATV .021 .186 .004 -.003 .186 -.001 .022 .186 .005 Ownership of radio -.169 .134 -.041 -.185 .134 -.045 -.169 .134 -.041 Use of Internet -.073 .058 -.054 -.047 .058 -.035 -.071 .059 -.053 Following major foreign events .037 .077 .017 .024 .077 .011 .037 .077 .017 Traveling abroad .056 .064 .034 .049 .065 .029 .054 .065 .032 Contact w/ foreigners .107 + .062 .067 .115 + .062 .072 .107 + .062 .067 Recognition of international organizations .168 * .069 .086 .155 * .069 .080 .168 * .069 .086 F-value 3.118 *** 2.874 *** 2.975 *** adjusted R2 .043 .038 .042 Model 1 (N=994) Model 3 (N=994)Model 2 (N=994)
- 19. Regression Analysis (2) 19 B S.E. β B S.E. β Intercept 5.823 *** .742 6.969 *** .988 Gender .267 .183 .065 -.131 .218 -.030 Age -.016 + .009 -.082 -.025 .024 -.059 Socialist era dummy Years of education .063 * .029 .115 .030 .048 .041 Place of residence: Province -.022 .053 -.018 -.070 .319 -.012 County .084 .070 .056 .423 .287 .102 Countryside .064 .243 .013 1.269 * .642 .108 Subjective social stratification .095 .243 .023 -.049 .068 -.038 Income level -.140 .546 -.011 .236 ** .083 .165 Sense of trust -.252 .255 -.041 .411 .372 .054 Religion: Buddhist .076 .349 .016 -.165 .424 -.036 Muslim .241 .436 .033 -.437 .640 -.042 Christian -.788 .680 -.056 -.276 .678 -.027 Religiosity .043 .145 .018 -.111 .183 -.051 Ownership of TV .180 .383 .020 -.973 + .523 -.097 Accessilibity to CATV .261 .254 .054 -.245 .281 -.052 Ownership of radio -.366 * .179 -.089 .079 .209 .019 Use of Internet -.167 + .092 -.095 -.008 .085 -.007 Following major foreign events -.064 .102 -.029 .245 * .118 .112 Traveling abroad .081 .087 .051 .056 .104 .030 Contact w/ foreigners .016 .089 .010 .218 * .089 .144 Recognition of international organizations .233 ** .088 .123 .025 .113 .012 F-value 2.501 *** 2.056 ** adjusted R2 .051 .052 *** p<.001, ** p<.01, * p<.05, + p<.1 GUS (N=586) GAD (N=408)
- 20. Additional Analysis (ABS3) ? Is Japan ＾model for future development?￣ ? The Mongolians¨ answers are examined by using ABS3 data ? The question focused on is ＾Which country should be a model for our own country¨s future development?￣ ? Choices are: ＾1. United States,￣ ＾2. China,￣ ＾3. India,￣ ＾4. Japan,￣ ＾5. Singapore,￣ ＾6. Other [please name],￣ and ＾7. We should follow our country¨s own model￣ 20
- 22. Summary of the Analyses ? Impression of Japan is significantly different between GUS and GAD ? However, in both generations the majority have favorable impression of Japan ? The Mongolians has relatively favorable impression of Japan, compared with other East and Southeast Asians ? Factors affecting impression of Japan are totally different between GUS and GAD ? Japan is less likely to be a ＾model for future development￣ in Mongolia 22
- 23. Discussion (JP ? MN) ? Meaning of the answer ＾0￣ is ambiguous (Neither good nor bad feeling? No feeling at all? Don¨t know about Mongolia? etc.) ? The potential reasons for relatively favorable attitude are: (1) Rapidly developing exchanges and relations since Mongolian democratization (2) Longstanding interest in Mongolia and its history (esp. Mongol Empire) 23
- 24. Interest in Mongolia (Japan) Examples of fictional and non-fictional works during Cold War era whose subject relates to Mongolia 24
- 25. Discussion (MN ? JP) ? Effect of socialist education and propaganda has been diminishing (or had little effect from the beginning?), as far as impression of Japan is concerned ? Generational difference might have linkage to difference in significant factors ? Socialist education system had (presumably) unintended effect: Longer education years under socialism (!) led to more favorable impression of Japan 25
- 26. Conclusion ? This study confirmed favorable attitude between Japanese and Mongolian citizens ? However, the study also has limitations: (1) There might be other factors relating to the attitude (2) There might be change in the attitude after 2007 ? Exploring affinity between the two countries might be suggestive when we are to find clues to resolve estrangement in East Asia 26
- 27. Acknowledgements The Japanese General Social Surveys (JGSS) are designed and carried out by the JGSS Research Center at Osaka University of Commerce (Joint Usage / Research Center for Japanese General Social Surveys accredited by Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology), in collaboration with the Institute of Social Science at the University of Tokyo. The datasets are distributed by SSJ Data Archive, Institute of Social Science, the University of Tokyo. Data analyzed in this article were collected by the Asian Barometer Project (2005-2008 and 2010-2012), which was co- directed by Professors Fu Hu and Yun-han Chu and received major funding support from Taiwan¨s Ministry of Education, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University. The Asian Barometer Project Office (www.asianbarometer.org) is solely responsible for the data distribution. The author appreciates the assistance in providing data by the institutes and individuals aforementioned. The views expressed herein are the author¨s own. 27