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仆仂于 从仍舒亳亠从仂亶 亞亠仆亠亳从亳 舒舒仍 仂仍仂亟亳仆舒
Mendel Mendel systematized the study of the traits, or characters, in the garden pea Theres Gregor Although he published his work around the time of Darwin, the work was largely lost Mendels work Creates a simple way of predicting the outcome of matings A genotype can be determined knowing the phenotypes of the plants Predicted the existence of meiosis
Mendels laws I 1 st  law (segregation) based on the observation that characteristics disappear and reappear in peas Two members of a gene pair segregate from each other during the formation of gametes such that half the gametes carry one member and the other half carry the other member   Offspring from parental genotypes of  R/r X R/r  receive one of the two alleles from each parent. The dominant allele R determines the phenotype The ratio of dominant (R) to recessive (r) phenotypes would be 3:1
Mendelian Genetics R / r   X  R / r S/S  S/s  s/S  s/s 村  遜  村  S/s  X  S/s R / R   R / r   r / R   r / r R/R = 村  R/r = 遜  r/r = 村  The probability that an offspring will have a certain genotype is predictable knowing parental genotypes Segregation occurs here in Meiosis I in both parents Meiosis I II
R/R  R/r  r/r  村  遜  村  R/-  r/r  3  :  1 R/r;S/s  X  R/r;S/s S/S  S/s  s/s 村  遜  村  S/-  s/s  3  :  1 R/-;S/-  R/-;s/s  r/r;S/-  r/r;s/s 9  :  3  :  3  :  1 Phenotypic ratios
Mendels laws II 2 nd  law (independent assortment) based on experiments that showed different characteristics behaved independently Different gene pairs assort independently One characteristic with 3:1 ratio when seen with another characteristic with a 3:1 ratio yielded a 9:3:3:1 ratio In the previous example, the four types of possible phenotypes would be R S, R s, r S and r s (3:1 X 3:1 = 9:3:3:1)
1 Chromosomal Basis of Heredity A  gene  is a unit of heredity Genes are carried on DNA DNA is contained within  chromosomes  as  chromatin
Genes on the same chromosome are inherited together, but not always  the frequency of recombination was related to the distance between the genes on a chromosome,
Chromosomes replicate during cell division
The chromosome complement
Chromosome analysis Cri Du Chat results from loss of a small piece of chromosome 5
Gene Map
Chromosome pairs
Sex chromosomes These determine the sex of an individual Two X chromosomes make a female One X and one Y a male
丕舒仆仂于仍亠仆亳亠 仆舒仍亠亟于亠仆仆仂亞仂 舒舒从亠舒 仗亳亰仆舒从舒  仆亠仆亳亠 亳仗舒 仗亠亠亟舒亳  仆舒仍亳亰 仗亠仆亠舒仆仆仂亳 亳 从仗亠亳于仆仂亳 仗亳亰仆舒从舒 弌亠仗仍亠仆亳亠 仗亳亰仆舒从舒  亞亠仆亠亳亠从亳仄亳 亳  仄仂仍亠从仍仆仄亳 仄舒从亠舒仄亳 亠亟亳从仂-亞亠仆亠亳亠从仂亠 从仂仆仍亳仂于舒仆亳亠 仂弍舒仆亟 - 弍仂仍仆仂亶 亳仍亳  亠亞仂 仂亟于亠仆仆亳从,   从仂仂仂亞仂 仆舒亳仆舒亠 仂舒于仍亠仆亳亠 仂亟仂仍仂于仆仂亶.
油
仂仂仄仆仂-亟仂仄亳仆舒仆仆亶  ( 舒仂仆亟仂仗仍舒亰亳, 亳仆亟仂仄 舒舒仆舒, 仆亠亶仂亳弍仂仄舒仂亰, 仄亳仂仂仆亳亠从舒 亟亳仂亳, 仂亠 亠仆亳仆亞仂仆舒)   仗仂仗仍亳仂仆仆舒 舒仂舒  - 0,5-1,0% 仂仍亠亢亳于舒亠 于 仂亟仂仍仂于仆 仂仍从仂 仗仂 于亠亳从舒仍亳 弌仂仂仆仂亠仆亳亠 弍仂仍仆 亳 亰亟仂仂于 亟亠亠亶 1:1 亟仂仂于亠 亟亠亳 仂 弍仂仍仆 仂亟亳亠仍亠亶 亳仄亠ム 亰亟仂仂于仂亠 仗仂仂仄于仂 弌仂仂仆仂亠仆亳亠 弍仂仍仆 仄舒仍亳从仂于 亳 亟亠于仂亠从 仂亟亳仆舒从仂于仂 舒亳亠仆 仆亠亰舒于亳亳仄仂 仂 仗仂仍舒 仂亟亳仆舒从仂于仂 舒仂 仗亠亠亟舒ム 弍仂仍亠亰仆 丕 亞仂仄仂亰亳亞仂 弍仂仍亠亰仆 仆亠亠亟从仂 仍亠舒仍仆舒 仂仍亠亰仆 - 舒仂 亠亰仍舒 仗仂仆舒仆仆 仄舒亳亶
仂仂仄仆仂-亠亠亳于仆亶  ( 仄从仂于亳亳亟仂亰, 个丕, 弌,  弌, 仄从仂仗仂仍亳舒舒亳亟仂亰)  -  仗仂仗仍亳仂仆仆舒 舒仂舒 -  0,25%  仂亟亳亠仍亳 从仍亳仆亳亠从亳 亰亟仂仂于 弌仂仂仆仂亠仆亳亠 弍仂仍仆 亳 亰亟仂仂于 亟亠亠亶 1:3 仍亳 弍仂仍仆 仂弍舒 仗亞舒  亟亠亳 于亠亞亟舒 弍仂仍仆亠 弍舒 仗仂仍舒 仗仂舒亢舒ム 仂亟亳仆舒从仂于仂 舒仂 亠 亳从仍ム亠仆仂 从仂于仆仂亠  仂亟于仂 仗亞仂于  弍舒从亠 弍仂仍仆仂亞仂 亳 仆仂亳亠仍 仂亢亟舒亠 50% 弍仂仍仆, 弍仂仍仆仂亞仂 亳 亰亟仂仂于仂亞仂 仂亢亟舒ム 仂仍从仂 亰亟仂仂于亠
仂仄亳仆舒仆仆仂亠 仆舒仍亠亟仂于舒仆亳亠   ( 弍仂仍亠亰仆 亠舒, 于亳舒仄亳仆  D  亠亰亳亠仆仆亶 舒亳)  仂舒亢舒ム 仄舒仍亳从亳 于 2 舒亰舒 舒亠, 亠仄 亟亠于仂从亳 亠仆亳仆 弍仂仍亠ム 仄亠仆亠亠 礀亠仍仂, 仗亠亠亟舒ム 弍仂仍亠亰仆 50% 仆仂于礆 亳 50% 亟仂亠礆 仂仍仆亠 仄亢亳仆 仗亠亠亟舒ム 弍仂仍亠亰仆 于亠仄 亟仂亠礆
丱-亠仗仍亠仆仆亠 亰舒弍仂仍亠于舒仆亳 - 仗仂仗仍亳仂仆仆舒 舒仂舒 0,25% 亠亠亳于仆仂亠 仆舒仍亠亟仂于舒仆亳亠   ( 仄亳仂亟亳仂亳 ム亠仆仆舒, 亞亠仄仂亳仍亳亳, 亳仆亟仂仄 舒亳仆舒-亠仍仍舒, 亠-亳舒仆舒, 丱舒仆亠舒)  仂仍亠ム 仂仍从仂 仄舒仍亳从亳, 2/3 仍舒亠于 仆舒仍亠亟ム 仂 仄舒亠亠亶-仆仂亳亠仍仆亳, 1/3 - 仗仂仆舒仆仆 弌亠 弍仂仍仆 弍舒亠于 于 50% - 仆仂亳亠仍亳 仄舒亳亳 亟仂仂于亠 仄亢亳仆 仆亠 仗亠亠亟舒ム 亰舒弍仂仍亠于舒仆亳亠
Y- 亠仗仍亠仆仆亠   ( 仆舒亠仆亳 仗亠仄舒仂亞亠仆亠亰舒, 仂 亠仍舒, 从仂仆亠仆仂亠亶, 亰弍仂于 ) 亳仂仂仆亟亳舒仍仆亠 弍仂仍亠亰仆亳  ( 舒仂亳 亰亳亠仍仆仂亞仂 仆亠于舒 亠弍亠舒, 从舒亟亳仂仄亳仂仗舒亳亳, 仄亳仂从仍仂仆亳亠从舒 仗亳仍亳仗亳, 仄亳仂仂仆亟亳舒仍仆舒 仄亳仂仗舒亳, 仗仂亞亠亳ム舒 仂舒仍仄仂仗仍亠亞亳 ) 仂仍亠亰仆 仗亠亠亟舒亠 仂仍从仂 仗仂 仄舒亠亳仆从仂亶 仍亳仆亳亳 仂仍亠ム 仄舒仍亳从亳 亳 亟亠于仂从亳 仂仍仆亠 仄亢亳仆 仆亠 仗亠亠亟舒ム 弍仂仍亠亰仆 仗仂仂仄于

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  • 2. Mendel Mendel systematized the study of the traits, or characters, in the garden pea Theres Gregor Although he published his work around the time of Darwin, the work was largely lost Mendels work Creates a simple way of predicting the outcome of matings A genotype can be determined knowing the phenotypes of the plants Predicted the existence of meiosis
  • 3. Mendels laws I 1 st law (segregation) based on the observation that characteristics disappear and reappear in peas Two members of a gene pair segregate from each other during the formation of gametes such that half the gametes carry one member and the other half carry the other member Offspring from parental genotypes of R/r X R/r receive one of the two alleles from each parent. The dominant allele R determines the phenotype The ratio of dominant (R) to recessive (r) phenotypes would be 3:1
  • 4. Mendelian Genetics R / r X R / r S/S S/s s/S s/s 村 遜 村 S/s X S/s R / R R / r r / R r / r R/R = 村 R/r = 遜 r/r = 村 The probability that an offspring will have a certain genotype is predictable knowing parental genotypes Segregation occurs here in Meiosis I in both parents Meiosis I II
  • 5. R/R R/r r/r 村 遜 村 R/- r/r 3 : 1 R/r;S/s X R/r;S/s S/S S/s s/s 村 遜 村 S/- s/s 3 : 1 R/-;S/- R/-;s/s r/r;S/- r/r;s/s 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 Phenotypic ratios
  • 6. Mendels laws II 2 nd law (independent assortment) based on experiments that showed different characteristics behaved independently Different gene pairs assort independently One characteristic with 3:1 ratio when seen with another characteristic with a 3:1 ratio yielded a 9:3:3:1 ratio In the previous example, the four types of possible phenotypes would be R S, R s, r S and r s (3:1 X 3:1 = 9:3:3:1)
  • 7. 1 Chromosomal Basis of Heredity A gene is a unit of heredity Genes are carried on DNA DNA is contained within chromosomes as chromatin
  • 8. Genes on the same chromosome are inherited together, but not always the frequency of recombination was related to the distance between the genes on a chromosome,
  • 11. Chromosome analysis Cri Du Chat results from loss of a small piece of chromosome 5
  • 14. Sex chromosomes These determine the sex of an individual Two X chromosomes make a female One X and one Y a male
  • 15. 丕舒仆仂于仍亠仆亳亠 仆舒仍亠亟于亠仆仆仂亞仂 舒舒从亠舒 仗亳亰仆舒从舒 仆亠仆亳亠 亳仗舒 仗亠亠亟舒亳 仆舒仍亳亰 仗亠仆亠舒仆仆仂亳 亳 从仗亠亳于仆仂亳 仗亳亰仆舒从舒 弌亠仗仍亠仆亳亠 仗亳亰仆舒从舒 亞亠仆亠亳亠从亳仄亳 亳 仄仂仍亠从仍仆仄亳 仄舒从亠舒仄亳 亠亟亳从仂-亞亠仆亠亳亠从仂亠 从仂仆仍亳仂于舒仆亳亠 仂弍舒仆亟 - 弍仂仍仆仂亶 亳仍亳 亠亞仂 仂亟于亠仆仆亳从, 从仂仂仂亞仂 仆舒亳仆舒亠 仂舒于仍亠仆亳亠 仂亟仂仍仂于仆仂亶.
  • 16.
  • 17. 仂仂仄仆仂-亟仂仄亳仆舒仆仆亶 ( 舒仂仆亟仂仗仍舒亰亳, 亳仆亟仂仄 舒舒仆舒, 仆亠亶仂亳弍仂仄舒仂亰, 仄亳仂仂仆亳亠从舒 亟亳仂亳, 仂亠 亠仆亳仆亞仂仆舒) 仗仂仗仍亳仂仆仆舒 舒仂舒 - 0,5-1,0% 仂仍亠亢亳于舒亠 于 仂亟仂仍仂于仆 仂仍从仂 仗仂 于亠亳从舒仍亳 弌仂仂仆仂亠仆亳亠 弍仂仍仆 亳 亰亟仂仂于 亟亠亠亶 1:1 亟仂仂于亠 亟亠亳 仂 弍仂仍仆 仂亟亳亠仍亠亶 亳仄亠ム 亰亟仂仂于仂亠 仗仂仂仄于仂 弌仂仂仆仂亠仆亳亠 弍仂仍仆 仄舒仍亳从仂于 亳 亟亠于仂亠从 仂亟亳仆舒从仂于仂 舒亳亠仆 仆亠亰舒于亳亳仄仂 仂 仗仂仍舒 仂亟亳仆舒从仂于仂 舒仂 仗亠亠亟舒ム 弍仂仍亠亰仆 丕 亞仂仄仂亰亳亞仂 弍仂仍亠亰仆 仆亠亠亟从仂 仍亠舒仍仆舒 仂仍亠亰仆 - 舒仂 亠亰仍舒 仗仂仆舒仆仆 仄舒亳亶
  • 18. 仂仂仄仆仂-亠亠亳于仆亶 ( 仄从仂于亳亳亟仂亰, 个丕, 弌, 弌, 仄从仂仗仂仍亳舒舒亳亟仂亰) - 仗仂仗仍亳仂仆仆舒 舒仂舒 - 0,25% 仂亟亳亠仍亳 从仍亳仆亳亠从亳 亰亟仂仂于 弌仂仂仆仂亠仆亳亠 弍仂仍仆 亳 亰亟仂仂于 亟亠亠亶 1:3 仍亳 弍仂仍仆 仂弍舒 仗亞舒 亟亠亳 于亠亞亟舒 弍仂仍仆亠 弍舒 仗仂仍舒 仗仂舒亢舒ム 仂亟亳仆舒从仂于仂 舒仂 亠 亳从仍ム亠仆仂 从仂于仆仂亠 仂亟于仂 仗亞仂于 弍舒从亠 弍仂仍仆仂亞仂 亳 仆仂亳亠仍 仂亢亟舒亠 50% 弍仂仍仆, 弍仂仍仆仂亞仂 亳 亰亟仂仂于仂亞仂 仂亢亟舒ム 仂仍从仂 亰亟仂仂于亠
  • 19. 仂仄亳仆舒仆仆仂亠 仆舒仍亠亟仂于舒仆亳亠 ( 弍仂仍亠亰仆 亠舒, 于亳舒仄亳仆 D 亠亰亳亠仆仆亶 舒亳) 仂舒亢舒ム 仄舒仍亳从亳 于 2 舒亰舒 舒亠, 亠仄 亟亠于仂从亳 亠仆亳仆 弍仂仍亠ム 仄亠仆亠亠 礀亠仍仂, 仗亠亠亟舒ム 弍仂仍亠亰仆 50% 仆仂于礆 亳 50% 亟仂亠礆 仂仍仆亠 仄亢亳仆 仗亠亠亟舒ム 弍仂仍亠亰仆 于亠仄 亟仂亠礆
  • 20. 丱-亠仗仍亠仆仆亠 亰舒弍仂仍亠于舒仆亳 - 仗仂仗仍亳仂仆仆舒 舒仂舒 0,25% 亠亠亳于仆仂亠 仆舒仍亠亟仂于舒仆亳亠 ( 仄亳仂亟亳仂亳 ム亠仆仆舒, 亞亠仄仂亳仍亳亳, 亳仆亟仂仄 舒亳仆舒-亠仍仍舒, 亠-亳舒仆舒, 丱舒仆亠舒) 仂仍亠ム 仂仍从仂 仄舒仍亳从亳, 2/3 仍舒亠于 仆舒仍亠亟ム 仂 仄舒亠亠亶-仆仂亳亠仍仆亳, 1/3 - 仗仂仆舒仆仆 弌亠 弍仂仍仆 弍舒亠于 于 50% - 仆仂亳亠仍亳 仄舒亳亳 亟仂仂于亠 仄亢亳仆 仆亠 仗亠亠亟舒ム 亰舒弍仂仍亠于舒仆亳亠
  • 21. Y- 亠仗仍亠仆仆亠 ( 仆舒亠仆亳 仗亠仄舒仂亞亠仆亠亰舒, 仂 亠仍舒, 从仂仆亠仆仂亠亶, 亰弍仂于 ) 亳仂仂仆亟亳舒仍仆亠 弍仂仍亠亰仆亳 ( 舒仂亳 亰亳亠仍仆仂亞仂 仆亠于舒 亠弍亠舒, 从舒亟亳仂仄亳仂仗舒亳亳, 仄亳仂从仍仂仆亳亠从舒 仗亳仍亳仗亳, 仄亳仂仂仆亟亳舒仍仆舒 仄亳仂仗舒亳, 仗仂亞亠亳ム舒 仂舒仍仄仂仗仍亠亞亳 ) 仂仍亠亰仆 仗亠亠亟舒亠 仂仍从仂 仗仂 仄舒亠亳仆从仂亶 仍亳仆亳亳 仂仍亠ム 仄舒仍亳从亳 亳 亟亠于仂从亳 仂仍仆亠 仄亢亳仆 仆亠 仗亠亠亟舒ム 弍仂仍亠亰仆 仗仂仂仄于