PotatoJovi BarrerasThe potato originated in the Andes Mountains of South America over 7,000 years ago. Tough farmers first cultivated potatoes for their nutritional value and hardiness. Europeans did not widely adopt the potato until the late 18th century, with some resistance due to associations with poverty. It was not until the 1780s that the potato gained prominence in Europe, being widely accepted in Ireland and promoted in France by Parmentier. Today the potato is one of the world's major food crops.
ტუბ᳥რკულǃიDimitriGaguaმსოფლიოს მოსახლეობის მესამედი ინფიცირებულია ტუბ᳥რკულǃით, იგი ძირითდად გვხვდება ღრიბი ქვეყნების მოსახლეობაში. სიკვდილიანობის 95% -ზე მეტი დაფიქსირდა დაბალ და საშუალო შემოსავლის ქვეყნებში. ტუბ᳥რკულǃით სიკვდილიანობა განსაკუთრებიტ მაღლია აივ ინფიცირებულებში.
Molecules in lung cancer part 1 კონსილიუმ მედულაLung cancer development is a multistep process involving genetic and environmental factors. Tobacco smoke contains carcinogens like benzo(a)pyrene and nitrosamines that cause DNA damage leading to mutations in genes like EGFR, KRAS, ALK and ROS1. These mutations drive cancer growth through pathways like EGFR, PI3K-AKT-mTOR. Targeted therapies have been developed that inhibit these mutated genes and pathways, improving outcomes for patients. Identification of genetic changes can help determine prognosis and optimize treatment selection.
Molecules in lung cancer part 3კონსილიუმ მედულაMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and play an important role in lung cancer. Profiling of miRNA expression in lung tumors has identified specific miRNAs that are upregulated or downregulated and correlate with patient outcomes. Certain miRNAs are connected to mutational status, like miRNA-155 which is increased in double negative KRAS and EGFR tumors. Integrating miRNA signatures could help with diagnostic and treatment decisions for lung cancer.
Molecules in lung cancer part 2კონსილიუმ მედულა1. Epigenetic alterations are common in lung cancers and affect genes like CDKN2A. Methylation of these genes can predict lymph node recurrence in stage I cancers.
2. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is frequently mutated in lung cancers, especially SCLC and squamous cell NSCLC, due to smoking-related DNA damage. Mutations in p53 downstream effectors also contribute to lung cancer pathogenesis.
3. Deregulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, and growth factor signaling pathways involved in lung cancer development and progression include alterations in p16/INK4A, LKB1/AMPK/mTOR, immune checkpoint proteins, telomerase, BCL2, death receptors,
ტუბ᳥რკულǃიDimitriGaguaმსოფლიოს მოსახლეობის მესამედი ინფიცირებულია ტუბ᳥რკულǃით, იგი ძირითდად გვხვდება ღრიბი ქვეყნების მოსახლეობაში. სიკვდილიანობის 95% -ზე მეტი დაფიქსირდა დაბალ და საშუალო შემოსავლის ქვეყნებში. ტუბ᳥რკულǃით სიკვდილიანობა განსაკუთრებიტ მაღლია აივ ინფიცირებულებში.
Molecules in lung cancer part 1 კონსილიუმ მედულაLung cancer development is a multistep process involving genetic and environmental factors. Tobacco smoke contains carcinogens like benzo(a)pyrene and nitrosamines that cause DNA damage leading to mutations in genes like EGFR, KRAS, ALK and ROS1. These mutations drive cancer growth through pathways like EGFR, PI3K-AKT-mTOR. Targeted therapies have been developed that inhibit these mutated genes and pathways, improving outcomes for patients. Identification of genetic changes can help determine prognosis and optimize treatment selection.
Molecules in lung cancer part 3კონსილიუმ მედულაMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and play an important role in lung cancer. Profiling of miRNA expression in lung tumors has identified specific miRNAs that are upregulated or downregulated and correlate with patient outcomes. Certain miRNAs are connected to mutational status, like miRNA-155 which is increased in double negative KRAS and EGFR tumors. Integrating miRNA signatures could help with diagnostic and treatment decisions for lung cancer.
Molecules in lung cancer part 2კონსილიუმ მედულა1. Epigenetic alterations are common in lung cancers and affect genes like CDKN2A. Methylation of these genes can predict lymph node recurrence in stage I cancers.
2. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is frequently mutated in lung cancers, especially SCLC and squamous cell NSCLC, due to smoking-related DNA damage. Mutations in p53 downstream effectors also contribute to lung cancer pathogenesis.
3. Deregulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, and growth factor signaling pathways involved in lung cancer development and progression include alterations in p16/INK4A, LKB1/AMPK/mTOR, immune checkpoint proteins, telomerase, BCL2, death receptors,
Treatment of preinvasive, stage 1 and stage 2 nsclcკონსილიუმ მედულაThe document discusses treatment strategies for preinvasive, stage I, and stage II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For preinvasive lesions, resection may not always be needed depending on growth rate and solidity of nodules. Stage I NSCLC is typically treated with surgical resection like lobectomy using minimally invasive techniques. Sublobar resection is used for small ground glass lesions. Adjuvant chemotherapy is not normally given. Stage II NSCLC is treated with surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy, which improves 5-year survival to 45%. Locally invasive tumors involving the chest wall or Pancoast region require surgical resection after chemotherapy or chemoradiation.
18. TTF-1 - Thyroid transcription factor
• ფარისებრის ტრანსკრიფციის ფაქტორი
• ბირთვული პროტეინი, რომელიც არეგულირებს ფარისებრის
ტრანსკრიფციულ აქტივობას (თირეოგლობულინი,
თირეოპერქსიდაზა, ნატიუმ-იოდიდის ტრანსპორტერი ცილა,
კალციტონინი და MHC კლასი I), ფილტვის (სურფაქტანტის
ცილები A, B და C, Clara უჯრედების სეკრეტორული
პროტეინი), ასევე დიენცეფალონის სპეციფიური გენების
• მისი მუტაცია განაპირობებს პულმონალურ ჰიპოპლაზიას და
ახალშობილის სიკვდილს
19. პოზიტიური - ნორმაში
• ფილტვის პნევმოციტები ტიპი 2 და Clara უჯრედები
• ფარისებრის ფოლიკულური და პარაფოლიკულური C
უჯრედები