This document discusses different methods for measuring flow rates of solids, liquids, and gases. It focuses on methods for measuring liquid flow rates, including differential pressure flow meters like orifice plates, venturi tubes, and flow tubes which create a pressure differential to determine flow rate. Positive displacement meters and velocity meters are also briefly mentioned. Common factors that influence liquid flow measurements like viscosity, density, and pipe friction are discussed. The relationship between flow rate, velocity, and pipe area is shown. Reynolds number and its effect on laminar vs turbulent flow is also covered.
This document discusses fundamentals of flowmeters, which are instruments used to measure linear and nonlinear mass or volumetric flow rates of liquids and gases. Flow measurement is vital for industries like water supply, oil extraction, gas distribution, and pharmaceuticals. There are various types of flowmeters that measure volumetric or mass flow rates using different operating principles like variable area, Coriolis effect, differential pressure, or turbine rotation. Flowmeters must be properly selected and calibrated according to factors like the fluid properties, pipe size, pressure, temperature, and compatibility with wetted parts to ensure accurate measurements.
This document provides an overview of basic flow measurement. It discusses 23 types of flow meter technologies available since 1989. It also covers the basic requirements for flow measurement such as accuracy, integration with piping systems, and cost. Finally, it describes common flow meter types like orifice plates, electromagnetic meters, turbine meters, Coriolis meters and positive displacement meters; and the principles of operation for each.
This document provides an overview of the process design of orifice meters and rotameters. It discusses the principles of operation, advantages, and disadvantages of each. For orifice meters, it presents the key equation used to calculate mass flow rate based on pressure differential and includes an example design problem. For rotameters, it presents the equation for calculating mass flow rate based on float properties and flow properties, and includes an example maximum flow rate calculation problem.
Speaks about the different aspects of flow measurement i.e. flow types, fluid types, its units, selection parameters; definition of common terms, coanda effect coriolis effect . it also speaks about the factors affecting flow measurement.
Thermal mass flowmeters like the Sensyflow FMT use the principle of heating a sensor element and measuring the heat loss to determine mass flow. The Sensyflow FMT has a wide measuring range, low pressure drop, and direct measurement of mass flow. It can be used for full load measurement and leakage detection with one instrument.
This document discusses basic instrumentation concepts and components. It defines instrumentation and process control, and describes their functions. It also covers common process measurements like temperature, pressure, flow, and level. For each it discusses units of measurement, measurement elements and principles, and examples of measurement devices. Finally, it briefly introduces how instrumentation signals are transmitted from field devices to control systems.
ROLE OF CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION IN THERMAL POWER PLANTGaurav Rai
油
Role of control and instrumentation in thermal power plant.
Use of various instruments for the measurements of flow, pressure and temperature in industries.
This document discusses various process instrumentation devices used for flow measurement. It begins by defining flow measurement and explaining why it is important for process control systems. It then covers different types of flow meters including differential pressure, velocity, and mass flow meters. Specific devices covered in detail include orifice plates, rotameters, vortex, turbine, ultrasonic, magnetic and coriolis flow meters. The document provides information on operating principles, advantages and disadvantages of each type. It concludes with factors to consider when selecting the appropriate flow meter for a given application.
A study on Nonlinear flow through an orifice metersunnynita
油
The document presents a study on nonlinear flow through orifice meters. It discusses:
- The working principle of orifice meters and factors that cause nonlinear flow
- Governing equations for modeling unsteady nonlinear flow through orifices
- A literature review of past studies on acoustic nonlinearity in orifices and CFD simulations of orifice flow
- Results of simulations showing the relationships between discharge, head, pressure gradient, and Forchheimer number
- Conclusions that the flow is affected by pressure gradient and fluid velocity, and that Forchheimer number is important for modeling nonlinear orifice flow
This document provides an overview of instrumentation and automation concepts for process control. It begins with an introduction to process control and its importance for safety, environmental, and economic reasons. It then covers control theory basics and components of control loops. The remainder of the document describes various instrumentation components, including sensors, transmitters, controllers, control valves, and programmable logic controllers. It provides examples of experimental computer control systems and discusses different control modes and ladder logic programming.
Chapter 6 - Instrument System (1).pptxMaiAnh409544
油
This document discusses instrument system design for P&ID diagrams. It describes the role of process measurements in automation and the components of a measurement system. It also discusses factors to consider when selecting sensors, such as range, accuracy, cost and materials. Finally, it covers various flow measurement techniques, including differential pressure, orifice plates, and magnetic and ultrasonic flowmeters.
1) Flow measurement devices use principles like differential pressure and velocity to measure flow rate. Differential pressure devices like Venturi meters and orifice plates cause a pressure drop that is measured to calculate flow.
2) Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, velocity, and height of a fluid flowing through a pipe. It is the basis for differential pressure flow measurement. Devices like Pitot tubes and turbine meters measure velocity which relates to flow rate.
3) Vibration is oscillatory motion that can be caused by unbalanced forces, elasticity, or external excitation. It can have harmful or beneficial effects depending on the system. Measurement devices like vibrometers and accelerometers are used to characterize vibrations.
The document discusses characterization and measurement of sewage flow. It describes parameters used to characterize sewage such as flow rate, solids, organic matter, nutrients, biological quality, pH and more. Methods of measuring flow rate discussed include differential pressure meters, velocity meters, positive displacement meters, and open channel meters. Specific flow meter types are then defined and explained such as venturi meters, orifice plates, electromagnetic and ultrasonic flow meters, weirs and more. Equations for calculating flow using various meter types are also provided.
The document discusses characterization and measurement of sewage flow. It describes parameters used to characterize sewage such as flow rate, solids, organic matter, nutrients, biological quality, pH and more. Methods of measuring flow rate discussed include differential pressure meters, velocity meters, positive displacement meters, and open channel measurement using weirs and flumes. Key flow meter types are also summarized such as orifice plates, venturi meters, turbine meters, electromagnetic meters and ultrasonic meters.
This document provides an overview of field instrumentation used for measurement, monitoring, and control. It discusses common process variables like flow, pressure, temperature, and level. It then focuses on different types of flow measurement instrumentation including positive displacement meters, head meters, velocity meters, and mass meters. Specific flow meter types are described in detail like orifice plates, venturi tubes, rotameters, turbine meters, electromagnetic flow meters, vortex meters, and ultrasonic flow meters. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are presented.
A Presentation on Field Instrumentation .pdfEmmanuelMatutu
油
This document provides an overview of instrumentation for measuring major process variables like flow, pressure, and temperature. It discusses different types of flow measurement including differential pressure, positive displacement, velocity, and mass flow meters. Specific flow meter technologies covered in detail include orifice plates, venturi tubes, flow nozzles, pitot tubes, and rotameters. For each, the document describes the measurement principle, typical applications, advantages, and disadvantages.
Design & analysis of laminar flow meterAbhijit Roy
油
In this PDF discuss about analysis of laminar flow meter design & analysis. Here main thing is how we can measure very small volume of flow rate or flow speed.
The document provides information on production optimization through system analysis using nodal analysis. It discusses key components of the production system including reservoir fluid properties, inflow performance, tubing performance, and how to analyze the combined system. The objectives are to understand inflow, vertical lift, and combined performance. Nodal analysis is introduced as a technique to simulate fluid flow by breaking the system into nodes and ensuring pressure continuity. An example application optimizes a well's production rate by analyzing effects of tubing size, wellhead pressure, water cut, and skin on the combined inflow and outflow curves. The optimized design achieves a production rate of 114 MMscf/d with a 6.18" tubing and 2,000 psi
The document provides information on production optimization through system analysis using nodal analysis. It discusses key components of the production system including reservoir fluid properties, inflow performance, tubing performance, and how to analyze the combined system. The objectives are to understand inflow, vertical lift, and combined performance. Nodal analysis is introduced as a technique to simulate fluid flow by breaking the system into nodes and ensuring pressure continuity. An example application optimizes a well's production rate by analyzing effects of tubing size, wellhead pressure, water cut, and skin on the combined inflow and outflow curves. The optimized design achieves a production rate of 114 MMscf/d with a 6.18" tubing and 2,000 psi
Cased hole logging tools are used to evaluate formations, completions, cementing, and perforations behind casing. Key tools include gamma ray tools for formation evaluation, spinner flowmeters and radioactive tracer tools for completion evaluation, cement bond logs to evaluate cementing, and shaped charges for perforating. Cased hole logging provides critical information to optimize well performance and guide workover/stimulation decisions.
This document describes the operation and use of an orifice meter for measuring fluid flow rates. It discusses how an orifice plate placed in a pipe creates a pressure drop that can be used to calculate flow rate based on Bernoulli's equation. Specifically, it introduces orifice meters and their basic components, explains how they work using principles of fluid dynamics and continuity, provides equations to calculate flow rates, and describes common applications like measuring gas and liquid flows in pipes.
Mechanical sensors measure mechanical phenomena and can be divided into several types. Displacement sensors measure how far or near an object is and include linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), encoders, and potentiometers. Velocity sensors measure speed, such as wheel speed sensors in vehicles. Torque sensors measure the forces that cause rotation. Flow sensors measure the rate of flow of materials, whether solid, liquid, or gas. Each of these sensor types converts a physical quantity into an electrical signal that can be read by other devices and systems.
A Smart Flow Measurement System Adaptive to Different Variation Using Ultraso...Sheikh R Manihar Ahmed
油
This Paper Explain the Design of a Smart Flow measurement Technique using Ultrasonic Flow Meter for custody transfer quality. The objective of the work are; (i) to extend the linearity range of measurement to 100% of the input range, (ii) to make the measurement system adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature. An Accurate flow measurement is an essential requirement both from qualitative and economic points of view. Among the non contact type of flow measurement, ultrasonic flow measurement is widely used to measure flow, because of its advantage like high resolution and less interference of noise on output. However, non linear characteristics of Ultrasonic flow meters have restricted its use. An optimal Computational Logic is considered by comparing various schemes and algorithms based on minimization of Mean Square Error and Regression close to one. The output of ultrasonic flow meter is frequency. It is converted to voltage by using a frequency to voltage converter. An optimal Computational logic block is added in cascade to frequency to voltage converter. This arrangement helps to linearise the overall system for 100% of full scale and makes it adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature. Since the proposed Smart flow measurement technique produces output which is adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature, the present technique avoids the requirement of repeated calibration every time there is change in liquid, and/or pipe diameter, and/or liquid temperature. The results show that proposed measurement technique achieves the objectives quite satisfactorily.
The document provides information on various types of instrumentation and control variables including pressure, temperature, and flow. It describes different sensor types for measuring each variable, including manometers, bourdon tubes, bellows, diaphragms, piezoelectric sensors, RTDs, thermocouples, thermistors, optical sensors, orifice plates, venturi tubes, vortex shedding, and turbine flow meters. For each sensor type, it discusses the measurement principle, advantages, disadvantages, and applications.
This document discusses various types of flow meters used to measure flow in pipes and open channels. It begins by explaining why flow measurement is important, such as to quantify water and wastewater flows, facilitate proportionate sampling, and determine treatment plant and chemical dosage sizes. The document then covers basic requirements of flow meters and various technologies, including differential pressure, velocity, positive displacement, and mass flow meters. It also discusses open channel flow measurement using weirs and flumes.
ROLE OF CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION IN THERMAL POWER PLANTGaurav Rai
油
Role of control and instrumentation in thermal power plant.
Use of various instruments for the measurements of flow, pressure and temperature in industries.
This document discusses various process instrumentation devices used for flow measurement. It begins by defining flow measurement and explaining why it is important for process control systems. It then covers different types of flow meters including differential pressure, velocity, and mass flow meters. Specific devices covered in detail include orifice plates, rotameters, vortex, turbine, ultrasonic, magnetic and coriolis flow meters. The document provides information on operating principles, advantages and disadvantages of each type. It concludes with factors to consider when selecting the appropriate flow meter for a given application.
A study on Nonlinear flow through an orifice metersunnynita
油
The document presents a study on nonlinear flow through orifice meters. It discusses:
- The working principle of orifice meters and factors that cause nonlinear flow
- Governing equations for modeling unsteady nonlinear flow through orifices
- A literature review of past studies on acoustic nonlinearity in orifices and CFD simulations of orifice flow
- Results of simulations showing the relationships between discharge, head, pressure gradient, and Forchheimer number
- Conclusions that the flow is affected by pressure gradient and fluid velocity, and that Forchheimer number is important for modeling nonlinear orifice flow
This document provides an overview of instrumentation and automation concepts for process control. It begins with an introduction to process control and its importance for safety, environmental, and economic reasons. It then covers control theory basics and components of control loops. The remainder of the document describes various instrumentation components, including sensors, transmitters, controllers, control valves, and programmable logic controllers. It provides examples of experimental computer control systems and discusses different control modes and ladder logic programming.
Chapter 6 - Instrument System (1).pptxMaiAnh409544
油
This document discusses instrument system design for P&ID diagrams. It describes the role of process measurements in automation and the components of a measurement system. It also discusses factors to consider when selecting sensors, such as range, accuracy, cost and materials. Finally, it covers various flow measurement techniques, including differential pressure, orifice plates, and magnetic and ultrasonic flowmeters.
1) Flow measurement devices use principles like differential pressure and velocity to measure flow rate. Differential pressure devices like Venturi meters and orifice plates cause a pressure drop that is measured to calculate flow.
2) Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, velocity, and height of a fluid flowing through a pipe. It is the basis for differential pressure flow measurement. Devices like Pitot tubes and turbine meters measure velocity which relates to flow rate.
3) Vibration is oscillatory motion that can be caused by unbalanced forces, elasticity, or external excitation. It can have harmful or beneficial effects depending on the system. Measurement devices like vibrometers and accelerometers are used to characterize vibrations.
The document discusses characterization and measurement of sewage flow. It describes parameters used to characterize sewage such as flow rate, solids, organic matter, nutrients, biological quality, pH and more. Methods of measuring flow rate discussed include differential pressure meters, velocity meters, positive displacement meters, and open channel meters. Specific flow meter types are then defined and explained such as venturi meters, orifice plates, electromagnetic and ultrasonic flow meters, weirs and more. Equations for calculating flow using various meter types are also provided.
The document discusses characterization and measurement of sewage flow. It describes parameters used to characterize sewage such as flow rate, solids, organic matter, nutrients, biological quality, pH and more. Methods of measuring flow rate discussed include differential pressure meters, velocity meters, positive displacement meters, and open channel measurement using weirs and flumes. Key flow meter types are also summarized such as orifice plates, venturi meters, turbine meters, electromagnetic meters and ultrasonic meters.
This document provides an overview of field instrumentation used for measurement, monitoring, and control. It discusses common process variables like flow, pressure, temperature, and level. It then focuses on different types of flow measurement instrumentation including positive displacement meters, head meters, velocity meters, and mass meters. Specific flow meter types are described in detail like orifice plates, venturi tubes, rotameters, turbine meters, electromagnetic flow meters, vortex meters, and ultrasonic flow meters. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are presented.
A Presentation on Field Instrumentation .pdfEmmanuelMatutu
油
This document provides an overview of instrumentation for measuring major process variables like flow, pressure, and temperature. It discusses different types of flow measurement including differential pressure, positive displacement, velocity, and mass flow meters. Specific flow meter technologies covered in detail include orifice plates, venturi tubes, flow nozzles, pitot tubes, and rotameters. For each, the document describes the measurement principle, typical applications, advantages, and disadvantages.
Design & analysis of laminar flow meterAbhijit Roy
油
In this PDF discuss about analysis of laminar flow meter design & analysis. Here main thing is how we can measure very small volume of flow rate or flow speed.
The document provides information on production optimization through system analysis using nodal analysis. It discusses key components of the production system including reservoir fluid properties, inflow performance, tubing performance, and how to analyze the combined system. The objectives are to understand inflow, vertical lift, and combined performance. Nodal analysis is introduced as a technique to simulate fluid flow by breaking the system into nodes and ensuring pressure continuity. An example application optimizes a well's production rate by analyzing effects of tubing size, wellhead pressure, water cut, and skin on the combined inflow and outflow curves. The optimized design achieves a production rate of 114 MMscf/d with a 6.18" tubing and 2,000 psi
The document provides information on production optimization through system analysis using nodal analysis. It discusses key components of the production system including reservoir fluid properties, inflow performance, tubing performance, and how to analyze the combined system. The objectives are to understand inflow, vertical lift, and combined performance. Nodal analysis is introduced as a technique to simulate fluid flow by breaking the system into nodes and ensuring pressure continuity. An example application optimizes a well's production rate by analyzing effects of tubing size, wellhead pressure, water cut, and skin on the combined inflow and outflow curves. The optimized design achieves a production rate of 114 MMscf/d with a 6.18" tubing and 2,000 psi
Cased hole logging tools are used to evaluate formations, completions, cementing, and perforations behind casing. Key tools include gamma ray tools for formation evaluation, spinner flowmeters and radioactive tracer tools for completion evaluation, cement bond logs to evaluate cementing, and shaped charges for perforating. Cased hole logging provides critical information to optimize well performance and guide workover/stimulation decisions.
This document describes the operation and use of an orifice meter for measuring fluid flow rates. It discusses how an orifice plate placed in a pipe creates a pressure drop that can be used to calculate flow rate based on Bernoulli's equation. Specifically, it introduces orifice meters and their basic components, explains how they work using principles of fluid dynamics and continuity, provides equations to calculate flow rates, and describes common applications like measuring gas and liquid flows in pipes.
Mechanical sensors measure mechanical phenomena and can be divided into several types. Displacement sensors measure how far or near an object is and include linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs), encoders, and potentiometers. Velocity sensors measure speed, such as wheel speed sensors in vehicles. Torque sensors measure the forces that cause rotation. Flow sensors measure the rate of flow of materials, whether solid, liquid, or gas. Each of these sensor types converts a physical quantity into an electrical signal that can be read by other devices and systems.
A Smart Flow Measurement System Adaptive to Different Variation Using Ultraso...Sheikh R Manihar Ahmed
油
This Paper Explain the Design of a Smart Flow measurement Technique using Ultrasonic Flow Meter for custody transfer quality. The objective of the work are; (i) to extend the linearity range of measurement to 100% of the input range, (ii) to make the measurement system adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature. An Accurate flow measurement is an essential requirement both from qualitative and economic points of view. Among the non contact type of flow measurement, ultrasonic flow measurement is widely used to measure flow, because of its advantage like high resolution and less interference of noise on output. However, non linear characteristics of Ultrasonic flow meters have restricted its use. An optimal Computational Logic is considered by comparing various schemes and algorithms based on minimization of Mean Square Error and Regression close to one. The output of ultrasonic flow meter is frequency. It is converted to voltage by using a frequency to voltage converter. An optimal Computational logic block is added in cascade to frequency to voltage converter. This arrangement helps to linearise the overall system for 100% of full scale and makes it adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature. Since the proposed Smart flow measurement technique produces output which is adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature, the present technique avoids the requirement of repeated calibration every time there is change in liquid, and/or pipe diameter, and/or liquid temperature. The results show that proposed measurement technique achieves the objectives quite satisfactorily.
The document provides information on various types of instrumentation and control variables including pressure, temperature, and flow. It describes different sensor types for measuring each variable, including manometers, bourdon tubes, bellows, diaphragms, piezoelectric sensors, RTDs, thermocouples, thermistors, optical sensors, orifice plates, venturi tubes, vortex shedding, and turbine flow meters. For each sensor type, it discusses the measurement principle, advantages, disadvantages, and applications.
This document discusses various types of flow meters used to measure flow in pipes and open channels. It begins by explaining why flow measurement is important, such as to quantify water and wastewater flows, facilitate proportionate sampling, and determine treatment plant and chemical dosage sizes. The document then covers basic requirements of flow meters and various technologies, including differential pressure, velocity, positive displacement, and mass flow meters. It also discusses open channel flow measurement using weirs and flumes.
Project management involves three key phases: planning, scheduling, and controlling. Planning involves setting objectives, identifying activities, and estimating resources and costs. Scheduling determines the start and finish times of activities using techniques like CPM and PERT to identify the critical path. Controlling monitors progress against the plan and allows for revisions if needed. Effective project management requires thorough planning, scheduling of activities and resources, and ongoing controlling to ensure projects are completed on time and on budget.
The document discusses several methods for producing hydrogen through water splitting, including:
- Steam reforming of methane, the most common current method.
- Electrolysis, where an electric current splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. More efficient variations include steam electrolysis and thermochemical electrolysis.
- Photochemical and photobiological systems use sunlight to drive the water splitting reaction.
- Thermal water splitting uses very high temperatures of around 1000属C.
- Gasification and biomass conversion also produce hydrogen from other feedstocks.
Low current electrolysis is discussed as a more efficient method, similar to the water splitting that occurs in photosynthesis. Producing hydrogen directly from water without electrolysis is also mentioned. Overall
Presentation - Building the Green Hydrogen Economy.pptxMdHelalHossain6
油
This presentation discusses the potential for green hydrogen to support a renewable energy economy. It notes that hydrogen energy is already being used in three surprising applications: fuel cells to power buses and trucks, hydrogen to heat homes in Japan, and blending hydrogen into natural gas pipelines in the US and Europe. The presentation also compares the costs of hydrogen storage versus lithium-ion batteries for shifting excess renewable energy production across different time durations. It finds that hydrogen has a clear advantage for inter-day and longer duration shifting as battery efficiency decreases significantly beyond one day of storage.
This presentation provides an in-depth analysis of structural quality control in the KRP 401600 section of the Copper Processing Plant-3 (MOF-3) in Uzbekistan. As a Structural QA/QC Inspector, I have identified critical welding defects, alignment issues, bolting problems, and joint fit-up concerns.
Key topics covered:
Common Structural Defects Welding porosity, misalignment, bolting errors, and more.
Root Cause Analysis Understanding why these defects occur.
Corrective & Preventive Actions Effective solutions to improve quality.
Team Responsibilities Roles of supervisors, welders, fitters, and QC inspectors.
Inspection & Quality Control Enhancements Advanced techniques for defect detection.
Applicable Standards: GOST, KMK, SNK Ensuring compliance with international quality benchmarks.
This presentation is a must-watch for:
QA/QC Inspectors, Structural Engineers, Welding Inspectors, and Project Managers in the construction & oil & gas industries.
Professionals looking to improve quality control processes in large-scale industrial projects.
Download & share your thoughts! Let's discuss best practices for enhancing structural integrity in industrial projects.
Categories:
Engineering
Construction
Quality Control
Welding Inspection
Project Management
Tags:
#QAQC #StructuralInspection #WeldingDefects #BoltingIssues #ConstructionQuality #Engineering #GOSTStandards #WeldingInspection #QualityControl #ProjectManagement #MOF3 #CopperProcessing #StructuralEngineering #NDT #OilAndGas
Preface: The ReGenX Generator innovation operates with a US Patented Frequency Dependent Load Current Delay which delays the creation and storage of created Electromagnetic Field Energy around the exterior of the generator coil. The result is the created and Time Delayed Electromagnetic Field Energy performs any magnitude of Positive Electro-Mechanical Work at infinite efficiency on the generator's Rotating Magnetic Field, increasing its Kinetic Energy and increasing the Kinetic Energy of an EV or ICE Vehicle to any magnitude without requiring any Externally Supplied Input Energy. In Electricity Generation applications the ReGenX Generator innovation now allows all electricity to be generated at infinite efficiency requiring zero Input Energy, zero Input Energy Cost, while producing zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions, zero Air Pollution and zero Nuclear Waste during the Electricity Generation Phase. In Electric Motor operation the ReGen-X Quantum Motor now allows any magnitude of Work to be performed with zero Electric Input Energy.
Demonstration Protocol: The demonstration protocol involves three prototypes;
1. Protytpe #1, demonstrates the ReGenX Generator's Load Current Time Delay when compared to the instantaneous Load Current Sine Wave for a Conventional Generator Coil.
2. In the Conventional Faraday Generator operation the created Electromagnetic Field Energy performs Negative Work at infinite efficiency and it reduces the Kinetic Energy of the system.
3. The Magnitude of the Negative Work / System Kinetic Energy Reduction (in Joules) is equal to the Magnitude of the created Electromagnetic Field Energy (also in Joules).
4. When the Conventional Faraday Generator is placed On-Load, Negative Work is performed and the speed of the system decreases according to Lenz's Law of Induction.
5. In order to maintain the System Speed and the Electric Power magnitude to the Loads, additional Input Power must be supplied to the Prime Mover and additional Mechanical Input Power must be supplied to the Generator's Drive Shaft.
6. For example, if 100 Watts of Electric Power is delivered to the Load by the Faraday Generator, an additional >100 Watts of Mechanical Input Power must be supplied to the Generator's Drive Shaft by the Prime Mover.
7. If 1 MW of Electric Power is delivered to the Load by the Faraday Generator, an additional >1 MW Watts of Mechanical Input Power must be supplied to the Generator's Drive Shaft by the Prime Mover.
8. Generally speaking the ratio is 2 Watts of Mechanical Input Power to every 1 Watt of Electric Output Power generated.
9. The increase in Drive Shaft Mechanical Input Power is provided by the Prime Mover and the Input Energy Source which powers the Prime Mover.
10. In the Heins ReGenX Generator operation the created and Time Delayed Electromagnetic Field Energy performs Positive Work at infinite efficiency and it increases the Kinetic Energy of the system.
Preface: The ReGenX Generator innovation operates with a US Patented Frequency Dependent Load
Current Delay which delays the creation and storage of created Electromagnetic Field Energy around
the exterior of the generator coil. The result is the created and Time Delayed Electromagnetic Field
Energy performs any magnitude of Positive Electro-Mechanical Work at infinite efficiency on the
generator's Rotating Magnetic Field, increasing its Kinetic Energy and increasing the Kinetic Energy of
an EV or ICE Vehicle to any magnitude without requiring any Externally Supplied Input Energy. In
Electricity Generation applications the ReGenX Generator innovation now allows all electricity to be
generated at infinite efficiency requiring zero Input Energy, zero Input Energy Cost, while producing
zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions, zero Air Pollution and zero Nuclear Waste during the Electricity
Generation Phase. In Electric Motor operation the ReGen-X Quantum Motor now allows any
magnitude of Work to be performed with zero Electric Input Energy.
Demonstration Protocol: The demonstration protocol involves three prototypes;
1. Protytpe #1, demonstrates the ReGenX Generator's Load Current Time Delay when compared
to the instantaneous Load Current Sine Wave for a Conventional Generator Coil.
2. In the Conventional Faraday Generator operation the created Electromagnetic Field Energy
performs Negative Work at infinite efficiency and it reduces the Kinetic Energy of the system.
3. The Magnitude of the Negative Work / System Kinetic Energy Reduction (in Joules) is equal to
the Magnitude of the created Electromagnetic Field Energy (also in Joules).
4. When the Conventional Faraday Generator is placed On-Load, Negative Work is performed and
the speed of the system decreases according to Lenz's Law of Induction.
5. In order to maintain the System Speed and the Electric Power magnitude to the Loads,
additional Input Power must be supplied to the Prime Mover and additional Mechanical Input
Power must be supplied to the Generator's Drive Shaft.
6. For example, if 100 Watts of Electric Power is delivered to the Load by the Faraday Generator,
an additional >100 Watts of Mechanical Input Power must be supplied to the Generator's Drive
Shaft by the Prime Mover.
7. If 1 MW of Electric Power is delivered to the Load by the Faraday Generator, an additional >1
MW Watts of Mechanical Input Power must be supplied to the Generator's Drive Shaft by the
Prime Mover.
8. Generally speaking the ratio is 2 Watts of Mechanical Input Power to every 1 Watt of Electric
Output Power generated.
9. The increase in Drive Shaft Mechanical Input Power is provided by the Prime Mover and the
Input Energy Source which powers the Prime Mover.
10. In the Heins ReGenX Generator operation the created and Time Delayed Electromagnetic Field
Energy performs Positive Work at infinite efficiency and it increases the Kinetic Energy of the
system.
Integration of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with IoT : A Smart Manufacturing A...ASHISHDESAI85
油
Combining 3D printing with Internet of Things (IoT) enables the creation of smart, connected, and customizable objects that can monitor, control, and optimize their performance, potentially revolutionizing various industries. oT-enabled 3D printers can use sensors to monitor the quality of prints during the printing process. If any defects or deviations from the desired specifications are detected, the printer can adjust its parameters in real time to ensure that the final product meets the required standards.
Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any ch...dhanashree78
油
Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.
Household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are common sources of air pollution. Pollutants of major public health concern include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Outdoor and indoor air pollution cause respiratory and other diseases and are important sources of morbidity and mortality.
WHO data show that almost all of the global population (99%) breathe air that exceeds WHO guideline limits and contains high levels of pollutants, with low- and middle-income countries suffering from the highest exposures.
Air quality is closely linked to the earths climate and ecosystems globally. Many of the drivers of air pollution (i.e. combustion of fossil fuels) are also sources of greenhouse gas emissions. Policies to reduce air pollution, therefore, offer a win-win strategy for both climate and health, lowering the burden of disease attributable to air pollution, as well as contributing to the near- and long-term mitigation of climate change.
4. Why it is important?
Custody transfer &
Accounting
Performance evaluation
Process control
Research & Development
5. Flow Meter Selection
Factors
Range
Accuracy Required
Pressure Loss
Type of Indication
Type of Fluid
Calibration
Other Factors
Physical size of the meter
System pressure
cost
Operator's skill
7. Flow Meter Classification
Full-bore meter
Operate on all the fluids in the
pipe/channel
Insertion meter
Do not operate on all fluids
Measure mainly local velocity
Use sensing element
Small compare to size of the channel
8. Full-Bore Meter
Venturimeter
Orifice meter
Flow nozzle and Tubes
V-element meters
Elbow meters
Target meters
-Variable Head Meter
9. Full-Bore Meter (cont)
Rotameter
-Variable Area Meter
Vortex shedding Meter
Positive displacement Meter
Turbine meter (velocity)
Magnetic and Ultrasonic Meter (velocity)
Coriolis Meter (mass)
Salt Velocity Method (velocity)
10. Insertion Meter
Pitot tube
Current meter and rotating
anemometer
Hot wire anemometer
Float measurement
Photographic and optical method
Thermal meters (mass)
12. Jet
Stream issuing from an orifice, nozzle
or tube
Free jet
Stream of liquid surrounded by a gas and
therefore under the influence of gravity
Submerged jet
Stream of any fluid surrounded by a fluid of
the same type
16. Reference
Chapter 15, Flow Measurement,
Page 437-439
Applied Fluid Mechanics (5th
Edition)
Robert L. Mott
17. Reference (cont)
Chapter 8, Transportation and Metering of
Fluids, Page: 214
Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering
(Fifth
Edition)
Warren L.
McCabe
Julian C. Smith
Peter Harriot
18. Reference (cont)
Chapter 12, Fluid Measurements
FLUID MECHANICS with Engineering Applications
(SI Metric Addition)
Robert L. Daugherty
Joseph B. Franzini
E. John Finnemore