Iskolareformok recepciója a magyar pedagógiában (1958-1965). A kelet-nyugati ...Lajos SomogyváriA megélénkülő kelet-nyugati kapcsolatok oktatás(politika)i vetülete 1958 és 1965 között.
"Tudjuk, hogy a pedagógusok jelentős része még a burzsoá Magyarország neveltj...Lajos Somogyvári90 éve Szegeden - Jubileumi konferencia, 2018. november 16.
Munkára nevelés a szocialista pedagógiában (1917-1961)Lajos SomogyváriA szocialista pedagógiában a munkára nevelés fogalma döntő szerepet kapott a céltételezésben, az emberkép és a tanítási tartalmak megformálásában. Ennek ideológiája Krupszkaja és Makarenko gondolatain alapult (Krupszkaja 1966, Makarenko munkásságához ld.: Pataki 1966) – ez a gondolkodásmód a Marx által megfogalmazott elidegenedést, a munka tárgyától való eltávolodást (Marx 1962) az oktatás átalakításában vélte meghaladhatónak.
Somogyvári Lajos A pedagógia ünnepeLajos SomogyváriCultural Identity and Alterity in Time. International Conference on Imagology 2013.
Csíkszereda / Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
A múlt vizuális újraalkotásaLajos SomogyváriA pedagógiai emlékezet megalkotása - Összehasonlító vizsgálat az 1960-as évek képes pedagógiai szaksajtójában.
VIII. Kiss Árpád Emlékkonferencia
Debrecen, 2013. szeptember 6.
Egy oktatási "reform" előkészítése: Politikai döntéshozatal Magyarországon 19...Lajos SomogyváriElőadásom az 1961. évi III. oktatási törvény előtörténetét, a korban reformként definiált átalakítások hátterét kívánja megvilágítani: a vizsgálat kezdő időpontját a Gyakorlati foglalkozások tantárgyának bevezetése jelenti (1958. február-március), lezárását pedig az Irányelvek megjelenése (1960. szeptember), mely a közélet előterébe helyezte a kérdést. A nyilvánosság által megismerhető dokumentumok egységes állásfoglalást tükröztek, a pártvezetés és az ideológia által markánsan meghatározott, kinyilatkoztatáshoz hasonló szövegek semmit sem árultak el a döntéshozatal folyamatáról. Célom a szereplők eltérő érveinek bemutatása, mely rejtve maradt a korban, az ellenőrzött és szimulált társadalmi vita ellenére is.
Kéri Katalin: Interkulturális-összehasonlító kutatások Ambrus Attila JózsefA magyar neveléstudomány helyzete és tudományos irányzatai című szimpózium
Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, Kisterem 2013 október 18.
http://youtu.be/xItOKApYeTM
Practice Gardens and Polytechnic Education: Utilizing Nature in 1950s’ Hu...Lajos SomogyváriPractice gardens in the polytechnic education: ideas and realization in 1950s' Hungary
How the Computers Arrived in the Hungarian SchoolsLajos SomogyváriThe document discusses the history of computerization in Hungarian education from the 1950s to the 1990s. It describes three main periods:
1) Early experiments and establishment from the 1950s to 1980s.
2) Computerization of schools in the 1980s with the introduction of school computer programs.
3) Implementing computer curricula in the 1990s as the field became more established. It explores the political, economic, and international contexts that influenced developments and debates around the role of computers in education.
Challenging timesLajos SomogyváriThe document discusses plans for a newly formed Standing Working Group (SWG) on the history of education from 2019-2024. It notes global trends of reduced coursework in the discipline and introduces challenges including the role of history of education in academia, curriculum issues, internationalization, and research/teaching standards. The SWG will explore the educational and social impacts of COVID-19 on schooling through research collaborations and working groups on related topics like online learning environments and changes to internationalization. The goal is to better understand continuity and change for the field in light of the pandemic.
Language of Competences: From 1965 to 2030Lajos SomogyváriThe document provides an overview of the historical context and evolution of the concept of competence from 1965 to 2030. It discusses how competence originated as a scientific term but was later adopted by political and economic actors to legitimize educational reforms and programs. Competence frameworks emerged in the 1990s and were codified in the 2006 European Union recommendation on key competences for lifelong learning. The document argues competence has been utilized by different stakeholders through history and speculates about its future role in education and society.
The Communist School Inside OutLajos SomogyváriThe document summarizes reports from Hungarian emigrants in the early 1950s about their experiences in schools under Communism. It discusses how emigrants provided perspectives on propaganda and ideology in the classroom, reactions from students and teachers, and examples of resistance like jokes mocking the official ideology found written on school bathroom walls. It also examines controls on Western culture through restrictions on activities like reading cowboy novels, dancing Western styles, and watching non-Soviet films.
The CIA archives and the History of EducationLajos SomogyváriThe document discusses the CIA archives database and what it can reveal about the history of education. It introduces the CIA online reading room, which contains declassified documents from 1966 onward under the Freedom of Information Act. The sources in the archives related to education have largely been interpreted in the context of the Cold War and CIA covert actions. However, the document argues they could provide new insights into comparative education studies if analyzed from the viewpoint of what educational issues the CIA saw as important to record, rather than just as instruments of political influence. Closer examination of the documents is needed to understand what they can teach about different education systems during the Cold War era.
Marching on the Streets: Meanings of the May 1st Parades in the Communist Hun...Lajos SomogyváriThe document discusses the May 1st parades in communist Hungary and their purpose and meaning. It analyzes how the parades were used to structure public space and time for political propaganda and ideological indoctrination. Photographs from the 1950s are examined to show how the parades filled streets with organized masses, occupying space in a choreographed display of support for communist leaders and ideals. The document concludes that the parades created symbolic sites of socialist cultural memory through their multisensory experience, but that more analysis is needed to fully understand their lasting impacts and lessons.
Commemoration, Propaganda and Political Indoctrination: Celebrating 1th of Ma...Lajos SomogyváriThis document discusses how May Day celebrations in 1950s Hungary were used for communist propaganda and political indoctrination. The celebrations were tightly controlled by the communist party and held in Stalin Square. They involved mass mobilization of citizens, mandatory participation in parades and processions, and the promotion of communist ideology through propaganda images, symbols, and displays of political leaders. The goal was to extend the party's control over education and mobilize youth to build socialism under direct party control.
Inclusion and Exclusion in the Secondary Education: A Case Study about Class ...Lajos SomogyváriThis document provides an overview of a case study examining class categories in the secondary education system of socialist Hungary between 1953-1963. It outlines the research questions, hypotheses, sources, and theories used in the study. The key findings discussed are the doctrine and practice of using social categories to determine student admission. While categories were intended to correct social stratification, in practice they were applied flexibly at the local level based on personal views and connections. The study concludes the system exhibited aspects of both totalitarian repression and everyday adaptation through informal networks.
Hooligans, gangs and hippiesLajos SomogyváriThe document summarizes research on representations of youth in socialist Hungary during the 1960s. It analyzes how state media and journals constructed categories like "hooligans," "gangs," and "hippies" to portray and interpret nonconforming youth behavior. Through analyzing party records, articles, photos and drawings from the era, the research found these categories were used both to depict real criminal acts but also fashion trends or political stances in a moral panic. Interpretations often focused on influences like the West or avoiding work. Debates showed ambivalence over how to view emerging youth cultures and a desire to promote socialist ideals of collective work.
The Hungarian School Reform-Committee. Actors of the Educational Policy (1958...Lajos SomogyváriThe document discusses the Hungarian School Reform Committee formed between 1958-1960 to implement educational reforms inspired by Khrushchev. It analyzes the 64 committee members using prosopography - investigating their common background characteristics through biographies. Most members were male and in their 40s-50s, with political and educational experience before 1945. Over half were Communist party members. The analysis finds the committee represented different interest groups and a balance of political power and expertise.
Munkára nevelés a szocialista pedagógiában (1917-1961)Lajos SomogyváriA szocialista pedagógiában a munkára nevelés fogalma döntő szerepet kapott a céltételezésben, az emberkép és a tanítási tartalmak megformálásában. Ennek ideológiája Krupszkaja és Makarenko gondolatain alapult (Krupszkaja 1966, Makarenko munkásságához ld.: Pataki 1966) – ez a gondolkodásmód a Marx által megfogalmazott elidegenedést, a munka tárgyától való eltávolodást (Marx 1962) az oktatás átalakításában vélte meghaladhatónak.
Somogyvári Lajos A pedagógia ünnepeLajos SomogyváriCultural Identity and Alterity in Time. International Conference on Imagology 2013.
Csíkszereda / Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
A múlt vizuális újraalkotásaLajos SomogyváriA pedagógiai emlékezet megalkotása - Összehasonlító vizsgálat az 1960-as évek képes pedagógiai szaksajtójában.
VIII. Kiss Árpád Emlékkonferencia
Debrecen, 2013. szeptember 6.
Egy oktatási "reform" előkészítése: Politikai döntéshozatal Magyarországon 19...Lajos SomogyváriElőadásom az 1961. évi III. oktatási törvény előtörténetét, a korban reformként definiált átalakítások hátterét kívánja megvilágítani: a vizsgálat kezdő időpontját a Gyakorlati foglalkozások tantárgyának bevezetése jelenti (1958. február-március), lezárását pedig az Irányelvek megjelenése (1960. szeptember), mely a közélet előterébe helyezte a kérdést. A nyilvánosság által megismerhető dokumentumok egységes állásfoglalást tükröztek, a pártvezetés és az ideológia által markánsan meghatározott, kinyilatkoztatáshoz hasonló szövegek semmit sem árultak el a döntéshozatal folyamatáról. Célom a szereplők eltérő érveinek bemutatása, mely rejtve maradt a korban, az ellenőrzött és szimulált társadalmi vita ellenére is.
Kéri Katalin: Interkulturális-összehasonlító kutatások Ambrus Attila JózsefA magyar neveléstudomány helyzete és tudományos irányzatai című szimpózium
Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, Kisterem 2013 október 18.
http://youtu.be/xItOKApYeTM
Practice Gardens and Polytechnic Education: Utilizing Nature in 1950s’ Hu...Lajos SomogyváriPractice gardens in the polytechnic education: ideas and realization in 1950s' Hungary
How the Computers Arrived in the Hungarian SchoolsLajos SomogyváriThe document discusses the history of computerization in Hungarian education from the 1950s to the 1990s. It describes three main periods:
1) Early experiments and establishment from the 1950s to 1980s.
2) Computerization of schools in the 1980s with the introduction of school computer programs.
3) Implementing computer curricula in the 1990s as the field became more established. It explores the political, economic, and international contexts that influenced developments and debates around the role of computers in education.
Challenging timesLajos SomogyváriThe document discusses plans for a newly formed Standing Working Group (SWG) on the history of education from 2019-2024. It notes global trends of reduced coursework in the discipline and introduces challenges including the role of history of education in academia, curriculum issues, internationalization, and research/teaching standards. The SWG will explore the educational and social impacts of COVID-19 on schooling through research collaborations and working groups on related topics like online learning environments and changes to internationalization. The goal is to better understand continuity and change for the field in light of the pandemic.
Language of Competences: From 1965 to 2030Lajos SomogyváriThe document provides an overview of the historical context and evolution of the concept of competence from 1965 to 2030. It discusses how competence originated as a scientific term but was later adopted by political and economic actors to legitimize educational reforms and programs. Competence frameworks emerged in the 1990s and were codified in the 2006 European Union recommendation on key competences for lifelong learning. The document argues competence has been utilized by different stakeholders through history and speculates about its future role in education and society.
The Communist School Inside OutLajos SomogyváriThe document summarizes reports from Hungarian emigrants in the early 1950s about their experiences in schools under Communism. It discusses how emigrants provided perspectives on propaganda and ideology in the classroom, reactions from students and teachers, and examples of resistance like jokes mocking the official ideology found written on school bathroom walls. It also examines controls on Western culture through restrictions on activities like reading cowboy novels, dancing Western styles, and watching non-Soviet films.
The CIA archives and the History of EducationLajos SomogyváriThe document discusses the CIA archives database and what it can reveal about the history of education. It introduces the CIA online reading room, which contains declassified documents from 1966 onward under the Freedom of Information Act. The sources in the archives related to education have largely been interpreted in the context of the Cold War and CIA covert actions. However, the document argues they could provide new insights into comparative education studies if analyzed from the viewpoint of what educational issues the CIA saw as important to record, rather than just as instruments of political influence. Closer examination of the documents is needed to understand what they can teach about different education systems during the Cold War era.
Marching on the Streets: Meanings of the May 1st Parades in the Communist Hun...Lajos SomogyváriThe document discusses the May 1st parades in communist Hungary and their purpose and meaning. It analyzes how the parades were used to structure public space and time for political propaganda and ideological indoctrination. Photographs from the 1950s are examined to show how the parades filled streets with organized masses, occupying space in a choreographed display of support for communist leaders and ideals. The document concludes that the parades created symbolic sites of socialist cultural memory through their multisensory experience, but that more analysis is needed to fully understand their lasting impacts and lessons.
Commemoration, Propaganda and Political Indoctrination: Celebrating 1th of Ma...Lajos SomogyváriThis document discusses how May Day celebrations in 1950s Hungary were used for communist propaganda and political indoctrination. The celebrations were tightly controlled by the communist party and held in Stalin Square. They involved mass mobilization of citizens, mandatory participation in parades and processions, and the promotion of communist ideology through propaganda images, symbols, and displays of political leaders. The goal was to extend the party's control over education and mobilize youth to build socialism under direct party control.
Inclusion and Exclusion in the Secondary Education: A Case Study about Class ...Lajos SomogyváriThis document provides an overview of a case study examining class categories in the secondary education system of socialist Hungary between 1953-1963. It outlines the research questions, hypotheses, sources, and theories used in the study. The key findings discussed are the doctrine and practice of using social categories to determine student admission. While categories were intended to correct social stratification, in practice they were applied flexibly at the local level based on personal views and connections. The study concludes the system exhibited aspects of both totalitarian repression and everyday adaptation through informal networks.
Hooligans, gangs and hippiesLajos SomogyváriThe document summarizes research on representations of youth in socialist Hungary during the 1960s. It analyzes how state media and journals constructed categories like "hooligans," "gangs," and "hippies" to portray and interpret nonconforming youth behavior. Through analyzing party records, articles, photos and drawings from the era, the research found these categories were used both to depict real criminal acts but also fashion trends or political stances in a moral panic. Interpretations often focused on influences like the West or avoiding work. Debates showed ambivalence over how to view emerging youth cultures and a desire to promote socialist ideals of collective work.
The Hungarian School Reform-Committee. Actors of the Educational Policy (1958...Lajos SomogyváriThe document discusses the Hungarian School Reform Committee formed between 1958-1960 to implement educational reforms inspired by Khrushchev. It analyzes the 64 committee members using prosopography - investigating their common background characteristics through biographies. Most members were male and in their 40s-50s, with political and educational experience before 1945. Over half were Communist party members. The analysis finds the committee represented different interest groups and a balance of political power and expertise.
Working Education in the Socialist Bloc: A Comparative AnalysisLajos SomogyváriThe document discusses working education in the socialist bloc from the 1950s-1960s. It provides historical context of education reforms following destalinization. Major actors pushed for reforms including party leaders, economists, and education scientists. Reforms aimed to strengthen ties between school and life by increasing practical and vocational skills. New forms included time spent working in agriculture/industry. Curriculum revisions allocated more hours to mathematics, sciences, and vocational subjects while decreasing hours for humanities. Implementation varied by country and faced challenges in balancing academic and vocational education.
Az Iskolakultúra Tudós tanár programjaLajos SomogyváriSzakmai fórum - Kutatóműhelyek és a Tudós tanár program
Veszprém, 2015. május 12.
(TÁMOP 4.1.2.B)
Munkára nevelés a középiskolában: Az 5+1-es képzés beindítása a Tabi Állami Á...Lajos SomogyváriHorizontok és Dialógusok konferencia, Pécs, 2015. május 7.
Az úttörőmozgalom szimbolikájaLajos SomogyváriIskola a társadalmi térben és időben V.
Pécs, 2014. május 21.
Symbols of the Pioneer Movement
School in the Social Space and Time V.
Pécs, May 21. 2014
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Johnny és a Szputnyik-sokk
1. Johnny és a Szputnyik-sokk:
A szovjet pedagógia hatása
az Egyesült Államokban
(1957-1965)
Somogyvári Lajos
Pannon Egyetem MFTK Társadalomtudományi Intézet
Veszprém
somogyvari.lajos@mftk.uni-pannon.hu Magyar Tudomány Ünnepe, 2018, Veszprém
www.uni-pannon.hu
2. Az előadás szerkezete
• Problémafelvetés
• Az elemzés szintjei és forrásai
• Elméleti kontextus
• Az UNESCO szerepe
• Az amerikai adminisztráció
látogatásai és jelentései
• Értelmiségiek, vélemények
• A közvélemény
• Összegzés
• Irodalom
Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, 21 April 1955,
CIA, C03186010. Approved for Release: 2017/09/07
3. A szovjet kihívás
• „Nem véletlen, hogy a nemzetközi
életben nagy vita indult meg a
Szovjetunió technikai fejlődésével
kapcsolatban. Most Amerikában is
maradi rektorok írnak pozitív
cikkeket.” (Jegyzőkönyv a Politikai Bizottság 1958.
február 18-i üléséről)
• 1956 és 1957 hatása (Judt, 1992; Borhi, 2018)
• Hipotézis: változó hidegháború – a
hard power mellett a soft power
alkalmazása: kultúra, technológia,
oktatás vonzó hatása, követés (Nye, 1990:
167)
• Mindkét fél részéről: fókusz a
szovjet oktatás hatása az USÁ-ban
George S. Counts: The Challenge of Soviet Education 1957: 8
Scott Nearing: Soviet Education: What Does it Offer
to America? 1958: 19.
4. Az amerikai reakció (1956-1958)
• Újfajta viszonyok: békés
egymás mellett élés és
verseny (konfrontáció és
kompetíció)
• Űrverseny és oktatási
verseny
• 1956 – Szimpózium
a Kongresszusban
• Lemaradás veszélye
- már a Szputnyik-sokk előtt
• NDEA, 1958
The Great Pretense: A Symposium on Anti-Stalinism and the 20th
Congress of Soviet Communist Party. 19 May 1956: 84, 88
Congressional Record – Senate, January
17, 1957, Washington: 681.
5. A szovjet kihívás folytatódik
• „Utolérni és túlszárnyalni” (1959, 1961)
• Enyhülés?
• Baloldali, progresszív nézetek erősödése
(mccarthyzmus utóhatása)
• A Kennedy-adminisztráció becslései
(Garthoff, 2001; Hofmann, 2007)
• Konvergencia-elméletek
• Oktatás felértékelődése
• Hruscsov: „új Szputnyik lesz a közép- és
felsőfokú oktatás tervezett
megreformálása”
• Toposz: az oktatás, mint fegyver, eszköz az
ideológiai harcban (SZU nézőpont →
USA)
The Woodburn Collection, National
Library of Scotland, P. 137/1
H. G. Wells: Interview with Stalin (1934). 1945: 20.
Feljegyzés. Hruscsov elvtárs akadémiai
beszédének visszhangja. 1958. április 11.
6. Az elemzés szintjei és forrásai
Szintek Intézmények és szereplők
Transznacionális UNESCO, ösztöndíjas
programok
Nemzeti/kormányzati Hivatalos delegációk a
Szovjetunióba
Akadémiai szféra Egyetemek, értelmiségiek
Közvélemény Könyv- és folyóiratkiadás
• Lacy-Zarubin egyezmény (1958. január 27.)
• Hivatalos jelentések, összefoglalók
• Tudományos monográfiák, cikkek
• Útleírások
• Cikkek, könyvek
• Az elemzés korlátai: léteztek negatív reakciók is; USA-propaganda
7. Elméleti kontextus
• A baloldali értelmiségiek szerepe a Nyugati világban (Hollander, 1996)
Társutasok és szimpatizánsok útleírásai
Szelektív nézőpont, illúziók, a valóság eltorzítása
• Az oktatáspolitikai transzfer fogalma (Steiner – Khamsi 2006, 2012, 2014)
Komparatisztika, nemzetközi összehasonlítások
pedagógiai gondolatok, intézmények, diskurzusok, politikák és
gyakorlatok transznacionális mozgásai
Kormányzati megrendelések – egyetemek, kutatóintézetek
• A megváltozott geopolitikai és ideológiai környezet (Kalmár, 2014)
Ugyanaz a cél, más eszközök: koegzisztencia és kompetíció
TTF, adaptációs kényszer
Ideológia és kommunikáció felértékelődése
8. Az UNESCO szerepe
• 1954 – csatlakozik a SZU
(Kulnazarova, 2017)
• International Social Science
Journal – 1959-től szovjet
szerzők cikkei
• UNESCO-monográfiák:
Shapovalenko (1963)
• A szovjet iskolareform és
oktatási rendszer
elfogadhatóvá formálása –
modernizációs narratíva
Strumilin, Stanislav: The economics of education in the U.S.S.R.
1962: 636
9. Ösztöndíj- és csereprogramok
• Comparative
Education Society
(1956) – Brickman
és Read öthetes
utazása (1958)
• Szemináriumok
(1958,1960)
• Ford Alapítvány
• Llewellyn Thompson
(1957-1962) USA-
nagykövet segítsége
(Epstein, 2016: 14-15, 2015)
Prokofiev, Chilikin és Tulpanov 1961: 11, 15
10. Az USA-adminisztráció első publikációja
• Kollektív munka:
Egyetemek (Harvard, Oklahoma, MIT,
Washington, Ohio), kutatóintézet
(National Research Council),
kormányzati szervek, National Bureau of
Standards, US Bureau of the Census
• Nagykövetség és Minisztérium
segítsége:
„Because the Soviet Union is proud of its
educational system, it makes more
information about its plans and programs
available”
• Autoritáriánus berendezkedés, de
eredmények elismerése
11. Kutatóintézeti tevékenység
• Természettudományi- és
mérnökképzés fölénye
• A számok „mágikus ereje” (Olek, 1998)
• National Academy of Sciences –
National Research Council –
Office of International Relations
• Howard P. Robertson: matematikus
és fizikus, tudományos tanácsadó
(NATO Európai Parancsnokság,
1954-1956; President’s Science
Advisory Committee 1957-1961),
elnök (Defense Science Board) –
növekvő számok a
cserekapcsolatokban (1954 óta)
(Greenstein 1980: 345, National Academy of Sciences 1957-
1958: 16)
«Soviet higher education is unquestionably
a success, posing not only a temporary
challenge, but a major threat in the long
run struggle between democracy and
totalitarianism» (DeWitt, 1961: 548)
12. Hivatalos amerikai delegációk a Szovjetunióban
• Lawrence G. Derthick, George F. Z. Bereday
(1958. május – június)
• «what was really going on» in the Soviet schools
(Soviet Commitment to Education 1959: xi).
• «We were simply not prepared for the degree to
which the USSR as a nation is committed to
education as a means of national advancement…
Our major reaction therefore is one of astonishment
– and I choose the word carefully – at the extent to
which this seems to have been accomplished… Ten
American educators came away sobered by what
they saw.» (Nearing 1958: 30)
Soviet Commitment to Education, 1959
13. Hivatalos amerikai delegációk a Szovjetunióban
• William K. Medlin vezetésével
(1959 tavasz) – Office of
Education
• Tantervek, tanárképzés és
finanszírozás
• Természettudományok és
politechnikai oktatás
• A kormányzati dokumentumok
közös jellemzői:
- Összehasonlítás
- Feltételezett hátrány
- Kommunista kihívás
- Mennyiségi szemlélet
Soviet Education Programs 1960: 227
14. Értelmiségiek és az akadémiai szféra
• Kétirányú emigráció különbsége
Jellemző életpályák:
• George S. Counts – baloldali
progresszivizmus, 1927-1955
Teachers College, Columbia
• 1927, 1929 – utazások a
Szovjetunióban
• A Ford Crosses Soviet Russia
(1930), The Soviet Challenge to
America (1931)
• Szovjet képeskönyv-fordítás –
bestseller (1931): az utópia
megvalósulása
Mickenberg, 2010: 105
15. Értelmiségiek és az akadémiai szféra
• George Fijalowski Zygmunt Bereday - Teachers College, Columbia
University (1959 után), «The Sputnik has unleashed a veritable storm of
comparisons of American education with foreign education systems», szovjet
előny (Nordtveit 2015: 3)
• The Politics of Soviet Education (1960), The Changing Soviet School (1960) –
Brickman és Read társzerzősége (szovjet út 1958-ban)
• 1961 – Moszkva, vendégprofesszor
• Scott Nearing – radikális reformer
• 1925-ös szovjet utazás – forradalmi kísérlet
• 1957-1958 - Soviet Education. What does it offer to America? An illustrated
eyewitness report (1958)
• „nyitott könyv”, „a világ legnagyobb oktatási laboratóriuma”
16. Mit kínál a szovjet oktatás?
• The search for better schools (Foreword)
• Then came the revolution
• How the Sputniks were built
• World’s largest educational laboratory
• In 1925… Beginnings
• Soviet schools are free – Bottom to top
• Where education builds for life
• The search for aptitudes and talents
• Young pioneers and youth: Opportunity
• Education for every person, every purpose
• Science: Its study, application
• Where teachers are honoured
• Music, drama, sports
• Unifying theory and practice
• Integrating school and factory
• Full-time education
• The new internat, the boarding school
• Educational experiments
• What education experiments revealed
• Getting results
• What American educators say
Az eredeti amerikai álom megvalósulása?
A Group in the Pioneer Palace (Nearing 1958: 13)
• Kiadó: American Russian Institute (San
Francisco), Arnautoff
• «No proven Communist should hold a
position at Stanford» (Cherny, 2013)
17. Értelmiségiek és az akadémiai szféra
• Frederic Lilge – náci és szovjet ideológia tanulmányozása
• Professzor a Berkeley-n (1958-tól)
• 1958. április-május – szovjet út
• Comparative Education Society, the National Committee on Soviet and East
European Area Fellows of the Ford Foundation – kapcsolati hálók?
• William K. Medlin – 1959, második hivatalos delegáció
• University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
• «even when it is viewed apart from the machinations of the Communist party,
the Soviet educational system is a highly efficient and successful enterprise»
(Ross 1960: 550)
• Harlan Hatcher – 1959, State Department educational mission,(«Our Soviet
Neighbors»: a szovjet oktatás inspirációja az USA volt (Ross 1960: 539).
• Jellemző életpályák: emigráns tudósok, kontinuitás (harmincas-ötvenes
évek), utópikus szemlélet
18. A közvélemény formálása I. Egy periodika példája
• Soviet Education (1958-1991)
• Fordítások (Szovjetszkaja
Pedagogika)
• Jellemző címek:
«Preparing for Life – the Most
Important Goal of the Young
Communist League» (Fedotova
1958), «Regarding the
Strengthening of Ties Between
School and Life and the Further
Development of the Public
Education System» (Khrushchev
1958), «Building Communism in
the Schools» (Goncharov 1959),
«Putting Lenin’s Teaching on
Education and Training into
Creative Practice» (1959).
• Az ideológia nyelve (Kotkin, 1995) Myron E. Sharpe meghallgatása (International Arts and Sciences Press)
19. A közvélemény formálása II. Egy bestseller példája
Arthur S. Trace (1961)
• Előzmény: Rudolf Flesch: Why
Johnny Can’t Read (1955)
• Tantervek és tankönyvek
összehasonlítása
• Lemaradás a matematikában,
tudományos gondolkodásban és
humaniórákban
• Tantárgyak elemzése:
- Olvasás
- Irodalom
- Idegen nyelvek
- Történelem
- Földrajz
• A könyv kritikája
20. Összegzés
• Tényleg létezett a szovjet előny, vagy a diskurzusokban
gyökerezett?
• Az összehasonlítás a valóságban (Gaither Report, Deterrence and
Survive in the Nuclear Age, 1957)
• Belpolitikai okok:
- érv a pártpolitikai harcokban
- Amerikai társadalom mobilizálása
- Ipari-katonai komlexum igényei
• A rendszerek összehasonlíthatatlansága vs. szükséglet az állandó
összehasonlításra
21. Elsődleges források
• Bereday, George Z. F., Brickman, William W. and Read, Gerald H. ed. 1960. The changing Soviet school: the
Comparative Education Society field study in the U.S.S.R. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• Bereday, George Z. F. and Pennar, Joan. ed. 1960. The Politics of Soviet Education. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc.
• Cherny, Robert W. 2013. “No proven Communist should hold a position at Stanford”. Victor Mikhail Arnautoff, the
House Un–American Activities Committee, and Stanford. Sandstone & Tile 3: 3-18.
• Communist Outlets for the Distribution of Soviet Propaganda in the United States. Part 1. 1962. Hearings before the
Committee on Un-American Activities House of Representatives. Washington: US Government.
• Congressional Record – Senate, January 17, 1957, Washington.
• Counts, George S. 1957. The Challenge of Soviet Education. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Current Intellgence Weekly Summary, 21 April 1955, CIA, C03186010. Approved for Release: 2017/09/07
• Deterrence & Survival in the Nuclear Age. 1957. November 7, 1957. Washington: Security Resources Panel of the
Science Advisory Committee.
• DeWitt, Nicholas. 1961. Education and Professional Employment in the U.S.S.R. Washington: National Science
Foundation.
• Education in the USSR. 1957. Bulletin No. 14. Washington: Office of Education, US Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare.
• Fedotova, V. E. 1958. Preparing for Life – the Most Important Goal of the Young Communist League. Soviet Education
1: 3-7.
• Fedotova, V. E. 1958. Preparing for Life – the Most Important Goal of the Young Communist League. Soviet Education
1: 3-7.
• Feljegyzés. Hruscsov elvtárs akadémiai beszédének visszhangja. MNL OL, 288 f. 33/1958/3. ő. e. MSZMP KB TKO,
Szerényi Sándor, 1958. április 11.
• Goncharov, N. K. 1959. Building Communism in the Schools. Soviet Education 4: 15-24.
• The Great Pretense. A Symposium on Anti-Stalinism and the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party. May 19,
1956. Washington DC: Committee on Un-American Activities, U.S. House of Representatives.
• Jegyzőkönyv a Politikai Bizottság 1958. február 18-i üléséről. 288 f. 5/67. ő. e. Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár.
22. Elsődleges források
• Khrushchev, N. S. 1958. Regarding the Strengthening of Ties Between School and Life and the Further Development of
the Public Education System. Soviet Education 2: 3-8.
• Lilge, Frederic. 1959. Impressions of Soviet Education. International Review of Education / Internationale Zeitschrift
für Erziehungswissenschaft / Revue Internationale de l'Education 1: 11-27.
• Nearing, Scott. 1926. Education in Soviet Russia. New York: International Publishers.
• Nearing, Scott. 1958. Soviet Education. What does it offer to America? An illustrated eyewitness report. San Francisco:
American Russian Institute.
• Prokofiev, M. A., Chilikin, M. G. and Tulpanov, S. I. 1961. Higher education in the USSR. Paris: UNESCO.
• Putting Lenin’s Teaching on Education and Training into Creative Practice. 1959. Soviet Education 8: 3-7.
• Ross, Leslie W. 1960. Some Aspects of Soviet Education. Journal of Teacher Education 4: 539-552.
• Shapovalenko, S. G. ed. 1963. Polytechnical Education in the U.S.S.R. Paris: UNESCO.
• Soviet Commitment to Education. 1959. Bulletin No. 16. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Office of Education.
• Soviet Education Programs. 1960. Bulletin No. 17. Washington: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office
of Education.
• Stalin, Joseph, Wells, H. G. 1945. Marxism vs. Liberalism. An Interview. New York: New Century Publishers.
• Strumilin, Stanislav. 1962. The economics of education in the U.S.S.R. International Social Science Journal 4: 633-
646.
• Trace, Arthur S. 1961. What Ivan Knows That Johnny Doesn’t. New York: Random House.
• The Woodburn Collection, National Library of Scotland, P. 137/1. Retrieved from: https://digital.nls.uk/74506240, 11
July 2018.
23. Szakirodalom
• Borhi, László. 2018. Dealing with Dictators: The United States, Hungary, and East Central Europe, 1942-1989. Bloomington &
Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
• Epstein, Erwin H. ed. 2016. Crafting a Global Field: Six Decades of the Comparative and International Education Society. Hong-Kong:
Comparative Education Research Centre – Springer.
• Garthoff, Raymond L. 2001. A Journey through the Cold War: A Memoir of Containment and Coexistence. Washington DC: Brookings
Institution Press.
• Greenstein, Jesse L. 1980. Howard Percy Robertson 1903-1961: A Biographical Memoir. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.
• Hofmann, Arne. 2007. The Emergence of Détente in Europe: Brandt, Kennedy and the formation of Ostpolitik. London, New York:
Routledge.
• Hollander, Paul. 1996. Politikai zarándokok. Budapest, Cserépfalvi.
• Judt, Tony. 1992. Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals, 1944-1956. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
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Without Borders, edited by Aigul Kulnazarova and Christian Ydesen, 256-274. London: Routledge.
• Majtényi, György. 2018. Egy forint a krumplis lángos. A Kádár - kor társadalma. Budapest: Libri.
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• Nordtveit, Bjorn H. 2015. Knowledge production in a constructed field: reflections on comparative and international education. Asia
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• Olek, Hilary. 1998. Educational Research in Central and Eastern Europe: A Diverging Tradition? Educational Research and Evaluation 1:
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• Steiner‐Khamsi, Gita. 2006. The economics of policy borrowing and lending: a study of late adopters. Oxford Review of Education 5: 665-
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