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COMMUNICATION - DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE
- 2. Communication Is an exchange of ideas, feeling or meaning between two or more persons.
- 3. Goals in Communication 1. To inform 2. To request 3. To persuade 4. To build relationship
- 5. 1.Source- refers to the information and ideas that you want to deliver. 2.Encoding- The encoder uses a 'medium' to send the message a phone call, email, text message, face-to-face meeting, or other communication tool. 3.Channel- is a passageway, a means of access for a thing, a communication, or an idea. 4.Decoding- is the process of converting code into plain text or any format that is useful for subsequent processes. 5.Receiver is the person who gets the message and tries to understand what the sender actually wants to convey and then responds accordingly. 6.Feedback- is the final step of the process that ensures the receiver has received the message and interpreted it correctly as it was intended by the sender. 7.Context- is made up of the parts of communication that influence the meaning of a message.
- 7. Intrapersonal Is the process by which an individual communicates within themselves, acting as both sender and receiver of messages, and encompasses the use of unspoken words to consciously engage in self-talk and inner speech.
- 8. Interpersonal The process of people exhanging ideas, information, feelings and intent through messages and signals.
- 9. Small Group Communication Communication in small group consist of three or more people who share a common goal and communicate collectively to achieve it.
- 10. Public Communication Public communication happens when individuals and groups engage in dialogue in the public sphere in order to deliver a message to a specific audience.
- 11. Mass Communication Mass communication is concerned with transmitting information, thoughts and opinions, entertainment etc. at a time to a large number of heterogeneous audiences.
- 13. Roles, Function, and Competencies of Communicators and Journalists The foremost important role of communicators and journalists is to make available information and evidence to inform the public to form judgement and decisions. In some cases, they facilitate accurate processing and analysis of such facts in a professional and ethical way. In this way, their functions follow naturally: to collect and document information, facts and opinions, and present them for public analysis and deepening to the root of reality.
- 14. Areas of specialization in which communicators and journalist work Communicators and journalists can work in a number of areas of specialization: speech writing and taking minutes of a meeting: advertising, marketing, and sales; communication education; electronic media, radio television, and broadcasting; public relations; journalism; theater, performing arts, and dramatic arts; public communication and opinion management; and international relations management and negotiations.
- 15. Career Opportunities for Communicators and Journalist The field of communication is wide and almost every aspect of business and human organization has communication specialist or roles. Companies have to relate with costumers, clients, and other stakeholders. The same is true to government and public individuals because the need to be heard, to be understood, to be followed, and to convince others require communication.
- 16. Rights, Responsibilities, Accountabilities and Code of ethics In modern times, the media have exerted enormous power and assumed a powerful position unprecedented in human history to serve as valuable means for the articulation on a large scale of popular aspirations and problems of entertainment and pleasure, of advertising and economic information, of shared strengths as well weakness.
- 18. Characteristics and needs of various Social position- is the status that a person enjoys in a communication context. One may be a president or leader, middle manager, a colleague or co-equal, or a subordinate in an organization of community. These social positions dictate how one gets communicated to and how that communication has to be crafted, packaged, contained, and delivered. Education level- may suggest reading skills and healthy literacy and the ability to engage with more complex topics, new and even unfamiliar. An audience that has limited literacy skills may find it difficult to use written materials; with such audience, oral presentations may be more effective.
- 19. Age range- can effect choice of communication format or distribution. The communication materials may be relevant to people of all ages but the age of the audience may affect the communication format or distribution channels. Social media websites and mobile texting for example may be more appropriate for providing information to younger audience while printed materials, emails, phone calls, meetings, and memos may be more effective for older audience. Race and Ethnicity- is an important consideration in communication particularly in deciding on graphics and photos. It is important to design the graphics and photos in the communication materials to reflect the demographics of the intended audience.
- 20. Primary language- has to be considered if the message is to be effective. If the language used is different from the one used by the target audience, there is a need to translate rhe communication materials into the primary language. Health status- matters a lot as it dictate's peoples disposition to listening and responding and the ability to make meaning out of the communicated material. Although people with certain health conditions tend to be more informed health-care consumers with a greater awareness of issues within the health-care system, it is important that the materials are more personal and relevant to specific health conditons or issues.
- 21. Job type- the audience can affect the format of materials and the distribution methods to be used. For an audience without access to their own computers, disseminating the materials through an Internet site or email messages may not be effective. Information sources- matters for they affect the format and distribution of the communication materials and also the medium they trust.
- 22. Types of Clientele and Audiences Individuals- communication provides individuals with ways to send and receive messages, a need that must be satisfied for survival. Communication helps people interact with their families, schoolmates and teachers, co-workers, and fellow members of the community. Group and Organizations- the family, which is the matrix or the womb that gives birth to power relations in society, is the basic unit that is helped by communication. Communities- are made up of individuals as well as groups.
- 23. Settings, Processes, Methods and Tools in Communication
- 24. Settings The settings of communication may be defined as the physical surroundings in communication event which may be made up of the location where the communication occurs, environment conditions, time of the day, or day of the week, as well as proximately of the communicators. (Alberts, Nalkayama & Martin 2007).
- 25. Government The government deals with citizens and particularly deliver social and public services that ensure peaceful and orderly living. This government communicates to inform the public about national plans, public services, security situation, opportunities and to give general direction to people as a nation. In this sense, the government setting draws on a variety of communication methods and tools depending on the subject and intent.
- 26. Private Sector The private sectors refers to business community, the people who are involved in the delivery of public services that include job creation and employment provision but are not government. Communication for them is largely advertisement, to inform the public individuals, groups, and communication about available goods and services for sale. On the other hand, they need information from the public to understand the demand they have to supply. The private sector engages with the public, they want to remain relevant, profitable, and accepted.
- 27. Civil Society This sector of society sees itself as the third force. It comes to complement government and business action. It includes various groups of non- government organization, charities, foundation, peoples organization, and other pressure groups that exist to advocate the causes of social justice on behalf of the marginalized sectors, disenfranchised, minorities, and even on behalf of biodiversity.
- 28. School Setting Schools are educational and social institutions. Their participation in communication is to deliver educational goods to the public and engage communities in agenda setting regarding educational goals and means. Communication in school setting tends to be very formal and academic. The emergence of new media has transformed communication in school to include new forms of communities cutting across school to create communities of learners that come together to persuit of learning beyond physical schools they belong to.
- 29. Community The community is where all sectors interact: government, business, civil society, and all individual and groups. In general, communication with communities has tended to favor one directional pattern and mass media.