This document describes a new bisulfite-free method called TAPS (Tet-Assisted Pyridine-borane Sequencing) for whole-genome DNA methylation profiling with single-base resolution. TAPS uses TET enzymes to oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and then uses mild chemical reactions with pyridine borane to selectively convert 5mC to thymine while leaving unmodified cytosines intact. This avoids the DNA degradation and biases introduced by bisulfite treatment in whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. The summary is as follows:
1) TAPS provides high conversion rates of 5mC to thymine without affecting unmodified cytosines or damaging DNA.
Isolation of promoter and other regulatory elements.pptxShailendraPandey20
油
I apologize, I do not have enough context to answer questions about molecular biology concepts or experiments. My role is to summarize written documents.
The document discusses computational methods for predicting orthologs, or genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene. It describes three main approaches: graph-based, tree-based, and rearrangement-based. The most popular method is bidirectional best hit (BBH), which identifies orthologs as the best reciprocal matches between species. The document also proposes a new method called BBH-LS that combines BBH with a local synteny score to improve ortholog prediction accuracy. It presents results testing various methods on human-mouse and human-rat datasets that suggest BBH-LS performs better than existing alternatives.
DNA Methylation: An Essential Element in Epigenetics Facts and TechnologiesQIAGEN
油
The document discusses DNA methylation and related epigenetic mechanisms. It defines epigenetics as the reversible inheritance of gene expression patterns not involving changes to DNA sequences. The key epigenetic mechanisms are described as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA activity. DNA methylation involves the addition of a methyl group to cytosine bases in CpG dinucleotides and is an important regulator of gene expression. Methods for analyzing DNA methylation patterns like bisulfite sequencing are also summarized.
Antisense RNA Technology for crop improvement.pptxSanyamPatel2
油
This document summarizes a study that used antisense RNA technology to improve the nutritional content of crops. It discusses how researchers used RNA interference to suppress specific genes involved in lysine catabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis in maize and tomato, respectively. By targeting these genes, they were able to increase the levels of lysine and carotenoids in the crops. The studies demonstrate how antisense RNA technology can be applied to genetically modify crops for improved nutritional qualities.
Introduction.
Types of Protein Protein Interaction.
Methods to investigate Protein Protein Interaction.
Protein Protein Interaction modulated by Chemical energy.
Two Hybrid Screening.
Overview of Protein Protein Interaction analysis.
Biological effect of Protein Protein interaction.
Conclusion.
Reference.
The document discusses epigenetics, which is the study of changes in gene expression that are not caused by changes in DNA sequence. An epigenome consists of molecular "switches" that turn genes on and off in response to environmental factors like diet, stress, and lifestyle choices. Experiments have found links between early life experiences like famine or smoking and health outcomes in later generations through epigenetic mechanisms. Scientists are researching epigenetics to develop new drugs that can manipulate epigenomes to treat diseases.
Protein interaction proteomics is the study of direct interactions between proteins on a molecular scale. There are two main types of protein interactions: binary interactions between pairs of proteins and complex interactions between multiple proteins that form complexes. Methods to study protein-protein interactions include genetic methods, bioinformatic methods, affinity-based biochemical methods, and physical methods like X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The yeast two-hybrid system is an in vivo technique that detects interactions through reconstitution of a transcription factor when two proteins of interest interact.
The document discusses template-free modeling of protein structures. It explains that template-free modeling uses a library of protein fragments from known structures to explore possible structures for a query protein. The fragments are obtained from remote homologs that may share weak sequence similarity. The quality of predictions decreases for larger proteins due to the difficulty of conformational searching. The document concludes that new methods are needed to advance template-free protein structure prediction techniques.
Network Biology: A paradigm for modeling biological complex systemsGanesh Bagler
油
These slides are part of the two lectures delivered at the as part of the 'National Workshop on Network Modelling and Graph Theory' (Dec 14-16, 2017) at Department of Mathematics, Dibrugarh University, Assam, India.
(1) Network Biology: A paradigm for integrative modeling of biological complex systems -- 14 Dec 2017, 3:30pm
(2) Applications of network modeling in biomedicine -- 15 Dec 2017, 9:00pm
Sponsored by UGC under SAP DRS (II)
(1) Workshop link: https://www.dibru.ac.in/upcoming-events/2981-national-workshop-on-network-modelling-and-graph-theory
(2) The Workshop Flyer: https://www.dibru.ac.in/images/uploaded_files/2017/Nov/National_Workshop_on_Network_Modelling_and_Graph_Theory.pdf
Chemical protein engineering synthetic and semisyntheticAli Hatami
油
This document summarizes various methods for chemically synthesizing and modifying peptides and proteins. It discusses solid phase peptide synthesis, native chemical ligation using peptide thioesters, and fragment condensation strategies. It also covers chemoselective ligations using oxime and hydrazone bonds and decarboxylative amide formation. Additionally, the document outlines chemical modifications like PEGylation, phosphorylation, and backbone modifications. Finally, it examines enzyme-mediated ligation techniques like sortase and biotin ligase that can link proteins and peptides in a sequence-specific manner.
The document describes using a DNA model to answer questions about DNA structure. It notes that adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine, keeping the diameter of the double helix constant. Measurements showed the model's diameter remained approximately the same. The model demonstrates DNA's antiparallel structure with strands running in opposite directions. Following base pairing rules, the original double helix could be reassembled from separated strands or two identical copies could be made. Both strengths like double helical shape and limitations like flexibility are discussed.
Mapping and sequencing genomes: Genetic and physical mapping, Sequencing genomes different strategies, High-throughput sequencing, next-generation sequencing technologies, comparative genomics, population genomics, epigenetics, Human genome project, pharmacogenomics, genomic medicine, applications of genomics to improve public health.
This document outlines the goals and key concepts regarding protein structure. It discusses the four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Methods for determining protein structure are also covered, including protein purification techniques like chromatography, electrophoresis, and centrifugation. Protein sequencing methods such as Edman degradation are also summarized. The document provides an overview of protein structure and analysis.
This document describes a new bisulfite-free method called TAPS (Tet-Assisted Pyridine-borane Sequencing) for whole-genome DNA methylation profiling with single-base resolution. TAPS uses TET enzymes to oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and then uses mild chemical reactions with pyridine borane to selectively convert 5mC to thymine while leaving unmodified cytosines intact. This avoids the DNA degradation and biases introduced by bisulfite treatment in whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. The summary is as follows:
1) TAPS provides high conversion rates of 5mC to thymine without affecting unmodified cytosines or damaging DNA.
Isolation of promoter and other regulatory elements.pptxShailendraPandey20
油
I apologize, I do not have enough context to answer questions about molecular biology concepts or experiments. My role is to summarize written documents.
The document discusses computational methods for predicting orthologs, or genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene. It describes three main approaches: graph-based, tree-based, and rearrangement-based. The most popular method is bidirectional best hit (BBH), which identifies orthologs as the best reciprocal matches between species. The document also proposes a new method called BBH-LS that combines BBH with a local synteny score to improve ortholog prediction accuracy. It presents results testing various methods on human-mouse and human-rat datasets that suggest BBH-LS performs better than existing alternatives.
DNA Methylation: An Essential Element in Epigenetics Facts and TechnologiesQIAGEN
油
The document discusses DNA methylation and related epigenetic mechanisms. It defines epigenetics as the reversible inheritance of gene expression patterns not involving changes to DNA sequences. The key epigenetic mechanisms are described as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA activity. DNA methylation involves the addition of a methyl group to cytosine bases in CpG dinucleotides and is an important regulator of gene expression. Methods for analyzing DNA methylation patterns like bisulfite sequencing are also summarized.
Antisense RNA Technology for crop improvement.pptxSanyamPatel2
油
This document summarizes a study that used antisense RNA technology to improve the nutritional content of crops. It discusses how researchers used RNA interference to suppress specific genes involved in lysine catabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis in maize and tomato, respectively. By targeting these genes, they were able to increase the levels of lysine and carotenoids in the crops. The studies demonstrate how antisense RNA technology can be applied to genetically modify crops for improved nutritional qualities.
Introduction.
Types of Protein Protein Interaction.
Methods to investigate Protein Protein Interaction.
Protein Protein Interaction modulated by Chemical energy.
Two Hybrid Screening.
Overview of Protein Protein Interaction analysis.
Biological effect of Protein Protein interaction.
Conclusion.
Reference.
The document discusses epigenetics, which is the study of changes in gene expression that are not caused by changes in DNA sequence. An epigenome consists of molecular "switches" that turn genes on and off in response to environmental factors like diet, stress, and lifestyle choices. Experiments have found links between early life experiences like famine or smoking and health outcomes in later generations through epigenetic mechanisms. Scientists are researching epigenetics to develop new drugs that can manipulate epigenomes to treat diseases.
Protein interaction proteomics is the study of direct interactions between proteins on a molecular scale. There are two main types of protein interactions: binary interactions between pairs of proteins and complex interactions between multiple proteins that form complexes. Methods to study protein-protein interactions include genetic methods, bioinformatic methods, affinity-based biochemical methods, and physical methods like X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The yeast two-hybrid system is an in vivo technique that detects interactions through reconstitution of a transcription factor when two proteins of interest interact.
The document discusses template-free modeling of protein structures. It explains that template-free modeling uses a library of protein fragments from known structures to explore possible structures for a query protein. The fragments are obtained from remote homologs that may share weak sequence similarity. The quality of predictions decreases for larger proteins due to the difficulty of conformational searching. The document concludes that new methods are needed to advance template-free protein structure prediction techniques.
Network Biology: A paradigm for modeling biological complex systemsGanesh Bagler
油
These slides are part of the two lectures delivered at the as part of the 'National Workshop on Network Modelling and Graph Theory' (Dec 14-16, 2017) at Department of Mathematics, Dibrugarh University, Assam, India.
(1) Network Biology: A paradigm for integrative modeling of biological complex systems -- 14 Dec 2017, 3:30pm
(2) Applications of network modeling in biomedicine -- 15 Dec 2017, 9:00pm
Sponsored by UGC under SAP DRS (II)
(1) Workshop link: https://www.dibru.ac.in/upcoming-events/2981-national-workshop-on-network-modelling-and-graph-theory
(2) The Workshop Flyer: https://www.dibru.ac.in/images/uploaded_files/2017/Nov/National_Workshop_on_Network_Modelling_and_Graph_Theory.pdf
Chemical protein engineering synthetic and semisyntheticAli Hatami
油
This document summarizes various methods for chemically synthesizing and modifying peptides and proteins. It discusses solid phase peptide synthesis, native chemical ligation using peptide thioesters, and fragment condensation strategies. It also covers chemoselective ligations using oxime and hydrazone bonds and decarboxylative amide formation. Additionally, the document outlines chemical modifications like PEGylation, phosphorylation, and backbone modifications. Finally, it examines enzyme-mediated ligation techniques like sortase and biotin ligase that can link proteins and peptides in a sequence-specific manner.
The document describes using a DNA model to answer questions about DNA structure. It notes that adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine, keeping the diameter of the double helix constant. Measurements showed the model's diameter remained approximately the same. The model demonstrates DNA's antiparallel structure with strands running in opposite directions. Following base pairing rules, the original double helix could be reassembled from separated strands or two identical copies could be made. Both strengths like double helical shape and limitations like flexibility are discussed.
Mapping and sequencing genomes: Genetic and physical mapping, Sequencing genomes different strategies, High-throughput sequencing, next-generation sequencing technologies, comparative genomics, population genomics, epigenetics, Human genome project, pharmacogenomics, genomic medicine, applications of genomics to improve public health.
This document outlines the goals and key concepts regarding protein structure. It discusses the four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Methods for determining protein structure are also covered, including protein purification techniques like chromatography, electrophoresis, and centrifugation. Protein sequencing methods such as Edman degradation are also summarized. The document provides an overview of protein structure and analysis.
1. The document compares genetic and linguistic diversity in Europe and finds some correlations between the two.
2. Structural features of languages may provide a better basis for comparison than vocabulary. Principal component analysis of genetic and linguistic data show some similarities in clustering.
3. Recent population mixing can account for some inconsistencies between the genetic and linguistic patterns. Overall, geography, genetics, and language are interrelated but influenced by separate evolutionary processes over long time periods.
1. The document discusses three main questions regarding human evolutionary genetics: the debate between hybridization models vs. the Southern dispersal route out of Africa, the coevolution of cultural and biological diversity, and challenges to the persistence of racial paradigms given genomic data.
2. Regarding the first question, the author notes several problems with hybridization hypotheses and presents evidence supporting an earlier dispersal of modern humans out of Africa via a Southern route, avoiding contact with Neanderthals.
3. For the second question, the author reviews evidence that increases in brain size did not necessarily correlate with genes associated with cognitive functions, and that cultural and linguistic changes likely evolved in parallel with biological changes.
4.
Perch辿 alle Olimpiadi le gare di sprint le vincono sempre atleti caraibici, le maratone gli africani dell'est, che per嘆 nel nuoto non combinano niente? Non sar che ci sono differenze razziali? La risposta, ancora una volta, 竪 no.
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04 funzione del gene
1. Capitolo 4
La funzione del gene
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010 Pearson Italia S.p.A
http://www.guidobarbujani.it/index.php/1-genetica
2. Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010 Pearson Italia S.p.A
Se i geni stanno sul DNA, qual 竪 la loro relazione con le
proteine?
In che modo i geni controllano le vie biochimiche?
Che rapporto c竪 fra geni e malattie?
Tutto il DNA 竪 costituito da geni? E, se non lo 竪, cosa fa
il resto?
Domande 4
5. Le proteine hanno:
1. Una struttura primaria, data dalla successione degli
amminoacidi nel peptide
2. Una struttura secondaria, cio竪 un andamento regolare
in alcuni tratti, dovuto al ripetersi periodico di
amminoacidi con caratteristiche costanti. Es.: 留-elica,
foglietto 硫
3. Una struttura terziaria, tridimensionale, dovuta alle
interazioni fra amminoacidi, e fra amminoacidi e
ambiente
4. (non sempre) una struttura quaternaria, quando diversi
peptidi si uniscono a formare una proteina complessa,
multimerica
Che rapporti fra proteine e geni?
7. Figura 4.2
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010 Pearson Italia S.p.A
Ciclo vitale del fungo
Neurospora crassa
8. Genetica biochimica
Beadle e Tatum: un gene un enzima
Colture di Neurospora
Terreno minimo: Sali inorganici, una fonte di C (glucosio o
saccarosio), una fonte di N, biotina
Terreno completo: terreno minimo + tutti gli amminoacidi,
tutti i nucleotidi e vitamine
Individui prototrofi e auxotrofi (o mutanti nutrizionali)
10. Esperimenti di Beadle e Tatum
Mutanti di Neurospora auxotrofi per larginina, o arg-
Ceppi diversi portano la mutazione in tre diverse regioni del
genoma: arg-1, arg-2 e arg-3
Mutanti arg-3 crescono solo se al terreno minimo si aggiunge
arginina; mutanti arg-2 se vengono aggiunte arginina o citrullina;
mutanti arg-1 se vengono aggiunte arginina o citrullina o ornitina
11. Esperimenti di Beadle e Tatum:
un gene un enzima
Conclusioni: arg-1, arg-2 e arg-3 codificano per tre
enzimi che intervengono in successione nella
conversione di un precursore in ornitina, di questa in
citrullina, e di questa in arginina
arg-1 arg-2 arg-3
enzima 1 enzima 2 enzima 3
precursore ornitina citrullina arginina
Beadle e Tatum deducono le catene di rezioni
biochimiche (e lordine di azione dei geni) dalle
molecole che si accumulano nei mutanti
13. Sequenza proteica: determinabile con
il metodo di Sanger
1. Si purifica la proteina, cio竪 la si
separa da impurit e da altre specie
chimiche;
2. La si degrada per mezzo di enzimi
proteolitici, ognuno dei quali agisce
solo se c竪 uno specifico
amminoacido allestremit carbossi-
terminale.
14. 1. Si isola un tratto di DNA;
2. Lo si replica in 4 esperimenti
paralleli, ognuno dei quali si basa
su una mistura di nucleotidi
normali + un nucleotide
modificato allestremit 3 che
arresta la reazione.
Sequenza nucleotidica: determinabile con il
metodo di Sanger
Frederick Sanger
18. Yanofsky: Colinearit
gene TrpA di Escherichia coli
GLU TYR LEU THR
MET TYR LEU THR
GLU CYS LEU THR
GLU TYR ARG THR
GLU TYR LEU ILE
Diversi mutanti (1-4) non sintetizzano triptofano perch辿 lenzima necessario (TrpA) 竪
modificato. La posizione dellamminoacido alterato nei mutanti pu嘆 essere
determinata per sequenziamento peptidico
1
2
3
4
wt
19. Yanofsky: Colinearit
gene TrpA di Escherichia coli
GLU TYR LEU THR
MET TYR LEU THR
GLU CYS LEU THR
GLU TYR ARG THR
GLU TYR LEU ILE
1
2
3
4
wt
Corrispondenza fra le posizioni di mutazione nucleotidica
e sostituzione amminoacidica
CCT ATG GAA TGT
CTT ACG GCA TAT
20. Yanofsky: Colinearit
gene TrpA di Escherichia coli
GLU TYR LEU THR
MET TYR LEU THR
GLU CYS LEU THR
GLU TYR ARG THR
GLU TYR LEU ILE
1
2
3
4
wt
Corrispondenza fra le posizioni di mutazione nucleotidica
e sostituzione amminoacidica
CCT ATG GAA TGT
CTT ACG GCA TAT
21. Welcome to OMIM, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. This database is a catalog of human genes
and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns
Hopkins and elsewhere, and developed for the World Wide Web by NCBI, the National Center for
Biotechnology Information. The database contains textual information and references. It also contains
copious links to MEDLINE and sequence records in the Entrez system, and links to additional related
resources at NCBI and elsewhere.
http://www.omim.org
23. Figura 4.5
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010 Pearson Italia S.p.A
Malattie genetiche 1: sindrome
di Tay-Sachs
34. FOETUS
Low expression
INFANT
High expression
ADULT
High expression
lactase persistence
ADULT
Low expression
lactase non-persistence
Diagrammatic representation of the level of lactose expression
at different stages of development and in lactase persistent and
non-persistent adults
36. Carenza di lattasi (LPH): un allele recessivo causa
limpossibilit di digerire il lattosio
Ipotesi: persistenza della lattasi frutto di selezione
positiva legata al consumo di prodotti caseari
Frequenza dellallele per la persistenza della lattasi
37. Lactase non-persistent allele l
High transcription
Unknown DNA
binding protein
Meccanismo
Troelsen, 2005
lactmcm6
+
T
Low transcription
lactmcm6
C
Lactase persistent allele L
38. Figura 4.13
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010 Pearson Italia S.p.A
Diagnosi prenatale:
amniocentesi
39. Figura 4.14
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010 Pearson Italia S.p.A
Diagnosi prenatale: analisi dei villi coriali
40. Tutto il DNA fa proteine?
NO:
Nelluomo, 3 miliardi di bp; < 30 000 geni
Dimensioni medie di un gene 10 000 bp
Totale geni umani 300 milioni di bp 10% del genoma
41. Non tutto il DNA fa proteine
E il resto?
1.DNA ripetuto in varie regioni del genoma: 1.1. SINEs
(Short Interspersed sequences), 1.2. LINEs (Long
Interspersed sequences)
2.DNA ripetuto in tandem
--GTTCCACACACACACACACACACACACACACATTA
DNA spazzatura (junk DNA)?
44. Cosa fa il DNA non codificante?
Niente, ma male non fa
Funzioni non chiarite nellespressione
dei geni
Mantiene il volume cellulare
Fa male, ma la domanda 竪 mal posta.
46. Riassunto 04
Beadle e Tatum dimostrano in Neurospora che c竪 una
corrispondenza diretta un gene un enzima
Yanofsky dimostra in E. coli la colinearit fra sequenza di
nucleotidi e sequenza polipeptidica
Alterazioni della sequenza genica si riflettono in alterazioni
della sequenza proteica: malattie del metabolismo
Nei vertebrati, meno del 10% del genoma codifica per
proteine; il dibattito su ruolo e funzione del restante 90% 竪
aperto
Varie regioni del DNA non codificante contengono
comunque informazione importante per studi di
identificazione personale (impronta digitale genetica)