Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the DNA sequence. These changes are mediated by mechanisms such as chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNAs. Despite having identical DNA, different cell types express different genes due to cell-specific epigenetic codes involving histone modifications and DNA methylation patterns. Techniques such as bisulfite sequencing are used to study DNA methylation and how it contributes to epigenetic regulation of genes.
This document discusses using the CRISPR-Cas9 system to engineer plant genomes for disease resistance. It describes how CRISPR-Cas9 uses RNA-guided nucleases to introduce targeted double-strand breaks, which can then be repaired through non-homologous end joining or homology-directed repair. This allows for knocking out or editing genes. The document outlines different components of the CRISPR-Cas9 system and various methods for delivering it to plant cells and tissues to modify plant genomes.
This document describes a new bisulfite-free method called TAPS (Tet-Assisted Pyridine-borane Sequencing) for whole-genome DNA methylation profiling with single-base resolution. TAPS uses TET enzymes to oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and then uses mild chemical reactions with pyridine borane to selectively convert 5mC to thymine while leaving unmodified cytosines intact. This avoids the DNA degradation and biases introduced by bisulfite treatment in whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. The summary is as follows:
1) TAPS provides high conversion rates of 5mC to thymine without affecting unmodified cytosines or damaging DNA.
This document discusses plant epigenetics and its potential for crop improvement. It begins by defining epigenetics as heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. It then discusses several epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA interference. DNA methylation and histone modifications can alter gene expression patterns without changing the DNA sequence. RNA interference is a post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism. Understanding these epigenetic processes may help improve crops through epigenetic breeding or biotechnology approaches.
Principle and workflow of whole genome bisulfite sequencingsciencelearning123
油
Whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) provides genome-wide single-base resolution DNA methylation profiling. It works by converting unmethylated cytosines to uracils through bisulfite treatment, followed by sequencing and comparing cytosines and thymines to determine methylation status. The workflow involves DNA extraction, bisulfite conversion, library preparation, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. WGBS allows for high resolution methylation analysis but has challenges with alignment due to bisulfite conversion.
Ch11 lecture regulation of gene expressionTia Hohler
油
1) Gene expression in eukaryotes is regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, epigenetic modifications to DNA and histones, alternative splicing of mRNA, and microRNAs inhibiting translation.
2) Transcription is regulated through the binding of transcription factors to enhancer and silencer regions near gene promoters. DNA methylation and histone modifications can alter chromatin structure and gene activity.
3) Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA and the actions of microRNAs introduce additional regulatory mechanisms by generating different protein isoforms from a single gene or inhibiting specific mRNAs post-transcriptionally.
This document discusses epigenetics and provides an overview of key concepts. It begins with a brief history of epigenetics research from the 1940s to present day. It then defines epigenetics as the study of heritable alterations in gene expression that do not involve changes to DNA sequence. Several epigenetic mechanisms are identified, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA. The document notes that epigenetic changes are involved in various diseases and disorders. It also discusses how environmental, behavioral, dietary, and psychological factors can influence epigenetics.
This presentation provides an overview of RNA interference (RNAi) including its history, components, mechanism, advantages, and applications. It discusses how RNAi involves long double-stranded RNAs being cut by the enzyme Dicer into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that then guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade messenger RNAs with complementary base sequences, preventing gene expression. The presentation also compares siRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), noting similarities in their biogenesis and roles in post-transcriptional gene silencing, while distinguishing their origins, sizes, targets, and effects on mRNA. Recent applications of RNAi modulation of viral replication and gene expression are highlighted.
This document summarizes different types of histone modifications. It discusses that histones help condense DNA into chromatin and are subject to post-translational modifications like acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, and ADP-ribosylation. These modifications affect gene expression by changing chromatin structure and recruiting other proteins. For example, acetylation loosens chromatin and methylation can either activate or repress genes depending on the amino acid modified. The document provides examples of different histone modifiers and the effects of various histone modifications.
DNA methylation is a biological process where methyl groups are added to DNA, changing gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. It is essential for normal development in mammals and is associated with processes like genomic imprinting, carcinogenesis, and aging. DNA methyltransferases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of methyl groups to DNA from S-adenosylmethionine. DNA methylation plays important roles in gene silencing, X-chromosome inactivation, and suppressing viral genomes and repetitive elements incorporated into the host genome. Aberrant DNA methylation is also involved in cancer by transcriptionally silencing tumor suppressor genes.
Almost 98 of the human genome does not encode proteins
o The non coding transcripts less than 200 bases are called small non
coding RNA and comprise of tRNA, rRNA, miRNA, snoRNA, piwi
interacting RNA (pi RNA)
o RNA molecules that are of more than 200 bases in length are known
as long non coding RNA (
o lncRNAs are more than 200 nucleotides in length and also can be
more than 2 Kb
o Such long noncoding RNAs usually have limited coding potential due
to the absence of open reading frames, 3 UTR and termination
region while their coding potential is less than 100 amino acids
This document discusses the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique. It begins with an overview of genome editing and provides a brief history. It then focuses on explaining CRISPR-Cas9, including its key components, how it was discovered as a natural bacterial immune system, and how it functions as a genomic tool. The document outlines the general CRISPR-Cas9 protocol and recent advances in the technique. It discusses applications in agriculture and for diseases. It also touches on advantages and limitations, as well as ethical issues. Two case studies are provided that demonstrate using CRISPR-Cas9 to modify genes in rice plants.
Chromatin organization involves multiple levels of DNA packaging within the cell nucleus. The basic repeating unit is the nucleosome, which consists of 146bp of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. Nucleosomes further compact into higher order structures like the 30nm fiber. Chromatin remodeling and epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation, histone acetylation and methylation regulate gene expression by altering chromatin structure and accessibility. These heritable changes in gene expression do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence.
This document discusses DNA repair mechanisms. It begins with an introduction to DNA damage and sources of damage like base modifications, replication errors, and radiation. It then covers the major DNA repair pathways: direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair. Double strand break repair can occur through direct joining or homologous recombination. DNA damage checkpoints pause the cell cycle to allow for repair. Defects in repair pathways cause hereditary disorders like xeroderma pigmentosum and Werner syndrome.
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the DNA sequence. These changes are mediated by mechanisms such as chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNAs. Despite having identical DNA, different cell types express different genes due to cell-specific epigenetic codes involving histone modifications and DNA methylation patterns. Techniques such as bisulfite sequencing are used to study DNA methylation and how it contributes to epigenetic regulation of genes.
This document discusses using the CRISPR-Cas9 system to engineer plant genomes for disease resistance. It describes how CRISPR-Cas9 uses RNA-guided nucleases to introduce targeted double-strand breaks, which can then be repaired through non-homologous end joining or homology-directed repair. This allows for knocking out or editing genes. The document outlines different components of the CRISPR-Cas9 system and various methods for delivering it to plant cells and tissues to modify plant genomes.
This document describes a new bisulfite-free method called TAPS (Tet-Assisted Pyridine-borane Sequencing) for whole-genome DNA methylation profiling with single-base resolution. TAPS uses TET enzymes to oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and then uses mild chemical reactions with pyridine borane to selectively convert 5mC to thymine while leaving unmodified cytosines intact. This avoids the DNA degradation and biases introduced by bisulfite treatment in whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. The summary is as follows:
1) TAPS provides high conversion rates of 5mC to thymine without affecting unmodified cytosines or damaging DNA.
This document discusses plant epigenetics and its potential for crop improvement. It begins by defining epigenetics as heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. It then discusses several epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA interference. DNA methylation and histone modifications can alter gene expression patterns without changing the DNA sequence. RNA interference is a post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism. Understanding these epigenetic processes may help improve crops through epigenetic breeding or biotechnology approaches.
Principle and workflow of whole genome bisulfite sequencingsciencelearning123
油
Whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) provides genome-wide single-base resolution DNA methylation profiling. It works by converting unmethylated cytosines to uracils through bisulfite treatment, followed by sequencing and comparing cytosines and thymines to determine methylation status. The workflow involves DNA extraction, bisulfite conversion, library preparation, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. WGBS allows for high resolution methylation analysis but has challenges with alignment due to bisulfite conversion.
Ch11 lecture regulation of gene expressionTia Hohler
油
1) Gene expression in eukaryotes is regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, epigenetic modifications to DNA and histones, alternative splicing of mRNA, and microRNAs inhibiting translation.
2) Transcription is regulated through the binding of transcription factors to enhancer and silencer regions near gene promoters. DNA methylation and histone modifications can alter chromatin structure and gene activity.
3) Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA and the actions of microRNAs introduce additional regulatory mechanisms by generating different protein isoforms from a single gene or inhibiting specific mRNAs post-transcriptionally.
This document discusses epigenetics and provides an overview of key concepts. It begins with a brief history of epigenetics research from the 1940s to present day. It then defines epigenetics as the study of heritable alterations in gene expression that do not involve changes to DNA sequence. Several epigenetic mechanisms are identified, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA. The document notes that epigenetic changes are involved in various diseases and disorders. It also discusses how environmental, behavioral, dietary, and psychological factors can influence epigenetics.
This presentation provides an overview of RNA interference (RNAi) including its history, components, mechanism, advantages, and applications. It discusses how RNAi involves long double-stranded RNAs being cut by the enzyme Dicer into short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that then guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade messenger RNAs with complementary base sequences, preventing gene expression. The presentation also compares siRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), noting similarities in their biogenesis and roles in post-transcriptional gene silencing, while distinguishing their origins, sizes, targets, and effects on mRNA. Recent applications of RNAi modulation of viral replication and gene expression are highlighted.
This document summarizes different types of histone modifications. It discusses that histones help condense DNA into chromatin and are subject to post-translational modifications like acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, and ADP-ribosylation. These modifications affect gene expression by changing chromatin structure and recruiting other proteins. For example, acetylation loosens chromatin and methylation can either activate or repress genes depending on the amino acid modified. The document provides examples of different histone modifiers and the effects of various histone modifications.
DNA methylation is a biological process where methyl groups are added to DNA, changing gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. It is essential for normal development in mammals and is associated with processes like genomic imprinting, carcinogenesis, and aging. DNA methyltransferases are enzymes that catalyze the addition of methyl groups to DNA from S-adenosylmethionine. DNA methylation plays important roles in gene silencing, X-chromosome inactivation, and suppressing viral genomes and repetitive elements incorporated into the host genome. Aberrant DNA methylation is also involved in cancer by transcriptionally silencing tumor suppressor genes.
Almost 98 of the human genome does not encode proteins
o The non coding transcripts less than 200 bases are called small non
coding RNA and comprise of tRNA, rRNA, miRNA, snoRNA, piwi
interacting RNA (pi RNA)
o RNA molecules that are of more than 200 bases in length are known
as long non coding RNA (
o lncRNAs are more than 200 nucleotides in length and also can be
more than 2 Kb
o Such long noncoding RNAs usually have limited coding potential due
to the absence of open reading frames, 3 UTR and termination
region while their coding potential is less than 100 amino acids
This document discusses the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique. It begins with an overview of genome editing and provides a brief history. It then focuses on explaining CRISPR-Cas9, including its key components, how it was discovered as a natural bacterial immune system, and how it functions as a genomic tool. The document outlines the general CRISPR-Cas9 protocol and recent advances in the technique. It discusses applications in agriculture and for diseases. It also touches on advantages and limitations, as well as ethical issues. Two case studies are provided that demonstrate using CRISPR-Cas9 to modify genes in rice plants.
Chromatin organization involves multiple levels of DNA packaging within the cell nucleus. The basic repeating unit is the nucleosome, which consists of 146bp of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. Nucleosomes further compact into higher order structures like the 30nm fiber. Chromatin remodeling and epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation, histone acetylation and methylation regulate gene expression by altering chromatin structure and accessibility. These heritable changes in gene expression do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence.
This document discusses DNA repair mechanisms. It begins with an introduction to DNA damage and sources of damage like base modifications, replication errors, and radiation. It then covers the major DNA repair pathways: direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and mismatch repair. Double strand break repair can occur through direct joining or homologous recombination. DNA damage checkpoints pause the cell cycle to allow for repair. Defects in repair pathways cause hereditary disorders like xeroderma pigmentosum and Werner syndrome.
Una lezione dettagliata sulla struttura, funzione e meccanismo di replicazione della pi湛 importante molecola biologica
(La presentazione contiene immagini reperite sul web, utilizzate per fini puramente didattici; qualora fossero stati infranti copyright, si prega di segnalarlo all'autore, grazie)
1. The document compares genetic and linguistic diversity in Europe and finds some correlations between the two.
2. Structural features of languages may provide a better basis for comparison than vocabulary. Principal component analysis of genetic and linguistic data show some similarities in clustering.
3. Recent population mixing can account for some inconsistencies between the genetic and linguistic patterns. Overall, geography, genetics, and language are interrelated but influenced by separate evolutionary processes over long time periods.
1. The document discusses three main questions regarding human evolutionary genetics: the debate between hybridization models vs. the Southern dispersal route out of Africa, the coevolution of cultural and biological diversity, and challenges to the persistence of racial paradigms given genomic data.
2. Regarding the first question, the author notes several problems with hybridization hypotheses and presents evidence supporting an earlier dispersal of modern humans out of Africa via a Southern route, avoiding contact with Neanderthals.
3. For the second question, the author reviews evidence that increases in brain size did not necessarily correlate with genes associated with cognitive functions, and that cultural and linguistic changes likely evolved in parallel with biological changes.
4.
Perch辿 alle Olimpiadi le gare di sprint le vincono sempre atleti caraibici, le maratone gli africani dell'est, che per嘆 nel nuoto non combinano niente? Non sar che ci sono differenze razziali? La risposta, ancora una volta, 竪 no.
Test Bank for Systems Analysis and Design 8th Edition: Kendallalawamajina
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03 dna replicazione
1. Capitolo 3
La replicazione del DNA
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010 Pearson Italia S.p.A
http://www.guidobarbujani.it/index.php/1-genetica
2. Domande 3
Come avviene la replicazione del DNA?
Quali enzimi sono necessari?
I procarioti hanno poco DNA da replicare, gli eucarioti
tanto. Procedono allo stesso modo, o in modi differenti?
3. Figura 3.1
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010 Pearson Italia S.p.A
Tre modelli di replicazione del DNA
4. Figura box 3.1
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010 Pearson Italia S.p.A
Centrifugazione in CsCl per la separazione di
molecole di diversa densit
5. Figura 3.2
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010 Pearson Italia S.p.A
Meselson e Stahl 1958
7. Colture di cellule di porcellino dIndia
Aggiunta di 5-BUdR, analogo
della timina, con minore
tendenza a legarsi al
colorante fluorescente
Due cicli di replicazione:
1.TT, TT TU, UT
2. TU, UT TU, UU
Cromosomi arlecchino
Prova citologica della replicazione semiconservativa
8. Tre fasi nella replicazione del DNA
1. Inizio
2. Allungamento della catena
3. Fine
9. Allungamento della catena:
Le DNA Polimerasi
Possono aggiungere un nucleotide allestremit 3 libera di una
catena di acido nucleico, se dispongono di nucleotidi trifosfati
Possono rimuovere un nucleotide allestremit 3 o 5 di una catena
di acido nucleico
Non possono iniziare la replicazione se non dispongono di una
catena con lestremit 3 libera
Non possono legare fra loro due frammenti di DNA
11. Nella replicazione di Escherichia coli
DNA stampo (elica singola) + primer + dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP
una DNA polimerasi
DNA a doppia elica Energia di legame
5---(n-nucl)---3 + dXTP 5---(n+1-nucl)---3 + energia
La DNAP III:
Allunga la doppia elica in direzione 53
Controlla lappaiamento fra basi, e se 竪 imperfetto rimuove lultimo nucleotide
aggiunto (attivit proof-reading)
La DNAP I:
Degrada lRNA nella doppia elica in direzione 53
Allunga la doppia elica, estendendo il frammento in direzione 53 e
rimpiazzando lRNA stampo
La DNA PII:
ripara il DNA danneggiato
14. Figura 3.4
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010
Pearson Italia S.p.A
Proteina iniziatrice (DnaA)
SSB (single-strand
binding proteins
Elicasi (DnaB e DnaC)
Primasi = RNA P
Inizio della replicazione
La replicazione del DNA
inizia con la produzione
di RNA
20. Figura 3.5
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010
Pearson Italia S.p.A
In sintesi:
21. Figura 3.9
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010 Pearson Italia S.p.A
Filamento leading e filamento lagging occupano
entrambe le eliche, in posizioni diverse
22. Figura 3.7
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010 Pearson Italia S.p.A
Fine della replicazione: la ligasi
23. Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010
Pearson Italia S.p.A
Figura 3.6
Fine della replicazione
24. Figura 3.10
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010
Pearson Italia S.p.A
Replicazione di cromosomi circolari
Nella foto: SV40
25. I superavvolgimenti sono un problema per
la replicazione di cromosomi circolari
100 superavvolgimenti
28. Mechanism of Action of Topoisomerase UCSD
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3QWA-tFdGN8
30. Schema dei passaggi enzimatici nella
replicazione di E. coli
1. La topoisomerasi fa rilassare il filamento
2. La proteina iniziatrice si lega a ori-C
3. Due elicasi (una per ciascuna forca replicativa) denaturano e
svolgono un tratto della doppia elica
4. Le single-strand binding proteins stabilizzano il DNA ad elica singola,
senza coprire le basi
5. La RNA polimerasi (primasi) si lega allelicasi e sintetizza un innesco
di circa 30 paia di basi
6. La DNA P III lo estende da 5 a 3
7. Ad ogni passaggio la DNA P III rimuove gli appaiamenti sbagliati
(proof-reading)
8. La DNA P I degrada linnesco ed estende il frammento adiacente,
procedendo da 5 a 3
9. La ligasi salda i filamenti adiacenti, senza aggiungere alcun nucleotide
32. Due eccezioni
Mosaico del tabacco: RNA
DNA P*
* DNA polimerasi RNA dipendente! (trascrittasi inversa)
DNA P
33. Ciclo cellulare in Eucarioti e procarioti (ore)
Organismo M G1 S G2 Totale
E. coli 1
Lievito 20 25 40 35 2
Piante 1 8 12 8 29
Uomo 1 8 10 5 24
Velocit di replicazione:
E. coli: 50000 basi al minuto
Drosophila: 2600 basi al minuto
Topo: 2200 basi al minuto
Il genoma umano 竪 circa 1000 volte pi湛 grande di quello di E. coli
34. Figura 3.13
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010
Pearson Italia S.p.A
Negli Eucarioti, molte bolle di replicazione in ogni cromosoma
I cromosomi eucarioti sono
lineari, non circolari
35. Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010
Pearson Italia S.p.A
Figura 3.14
Diverse regioni del cromosoma si replicano simultaneamente
36. Quando tutto il DNA 竪 stato replicato, per legare fra
loro i frammenti ci vuole la ligasi
La ligasi catalizza la formazione di un legame fosfodiestereo
37. Negli eucarioti superiori
DNA P 留: sintesi del primer
DNA P 硫: riparazione del DNA nucleare
DNA P 粒: replicazione, solo nei mitocondri
DNA P 隆: sintesi dellelica lagging
DNA P 竜: sintesi dellelica leading*
* Finora dimostrato solo nel lievito
SPECIE Dimens. genoma N repliconi velocit replicazione/min
E. coli: 4,2 Mb 1 50000
Drosophila: 140 Mb 3500 2600
Topo: 3200 Mb 25000 2200
39. E alla fine?
Figura 3.15
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010
Pearson Italia S.p.A
40. Telomerasi
Le regioni terminali dei cromosomi (telomeri) contengono sequenze ripetute:
Ciliati (Tetrahymena): n(TTGGGG)
Flagellati (Trypanosoma), uomo: n(TTAGGG)
Lenzima telomerasi contiene un tratto di RNA complementare alla sequenza
ripetuta e lo usa come primer per replicare lestremit telomerica 5: 竪 una
DNA P RNA dipendente
Carol Greider
41. Figura 3.16
Peter J Russell, Genetica 息 2010
Pearson Italia S.p.A
Come funziona la
telomerasi
45. Riassunto 3
La replicazione del DNA 竪 semiconservativa: unelica serve da
stampo e viene mantenuta invariata, laltra viene sintetizzata ex
novo.
La replicazione richiede lintervento di enzimi: RNA e DNA
polimerasi, ligasi, elicasi e topoisomerasi, e di altre proteine
Nei procarioti la replicazione procede da un unico punto
iniziale, negli eucarioti ciascun cromosoma ha varie origini di
replicazione da cui iniziano sintesi simultanee; in questo modo,
un insieme di enzimi complessivamente pi湛 lento riesce a
ridurre i tempi di replicazione del DNA eucariote.
Nella replicazione dei genomi lineari, ha un ruolo importante la
telomerasi